{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:48:33Z","timestamp":1779248913743,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>There is limited research on clinical features and symptom recovery from sport-related concussion (SRC) and non-SRC in younger children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To investigate the trajectory of symptom recovery in children aged 5 to 7 years and 8 to 12 years with SRC and non-SRC at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinjury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort study (Predicting and Preventing Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics) included participants aged 5 to 12 years with acute concussion who presented to 9 pediatric emergency departments within the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada network between August 2013 and June 2015. Analyses were conducted from September 2023 to May 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Participants had a concussion consistent with the Zurich consensus diagnostic criteria and 85% completeness of the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) at each time point.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The primary outcome was symptom change, defined as current minus preinjury ratings 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinjury, measured using the PCSI. Symptoms were self-rated for children aged 8 to 12 years and child- and parent-rated for children aged 5 to 7 years. Mixed-effect models were conducted using total PCSI score adjusting for random effects; fixed-effect indicators included injury setting (SRC and non-SRC), time, injury setting\u2009\u00d7\u2009time, and other variables associated with recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 1747 children, including 513 aged 5 to 7 years (mean [SD] age, 6.57 [0.85] years; 320 male [62.4%]) and 1234 aged 8 to 12 years (mean [SD] age, 10.68 [1.40] years; 806 male [65.3%]) were recruited, of whom 477 aged 5 to 7 years and 1157 aged 8 to 12 years were included in the analysis. Of those included in the analysis, 207 aged 5 to 7 years (43.4%; mean [SD] age, 6.68 [0.84] years; 142 male [68.6%]) and 790 aged 8 to 12 years (67.2%; mean [SD] age, 10.77 [1.40] years; 547 male [69.2%]) sustained an SRC. No significant differences in recovery curves across time postinjury were found between those with SRC and non-SRC (5-7 years: \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.09; 95% CI, \u22121.10 to 0.92; 8-12 years: \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.11; 95%CI, \u22121.50 to 1.70).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cohort study of children aged 5 to 12 years with an acute SRC or non-SRC, symptom recovery trajectories over time were similar in both groups. This finding suggests similar management protocols can be used for sport and nonsport mechanisms of injury (excluding assault and motor vehicle crash) in the younger population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.48797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T16:00:47Z","timestamp":1733328047000},"page":"e2448797","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Symptom Recovery in Children Aged 5 to 12 Years With Sport-Related and Non\u2013Sport-Related Concussion"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9e-Anne","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronik","family":"Sicard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vid","family":"Bijelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Barrowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"van Ierssel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darcy","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Pediatric Emergency Department, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Boutis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital, Pediatric Emergency, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital, Pediatric Emergency, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children\u2019s Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Gravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Sainte-Justine, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurinder","family":"Sangha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith Owen","family":"Yeates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Osmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Zemek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Predicting and Preventing Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics (5P) Concussion Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241368r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research.","volume":"21","author":"Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241368r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.05.036","article-title":"Trends in ambulatory care for children with concussion and minor head injury from eastern Massachusetts between 2007 and 2013.","volume":"167","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi241368r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097415","article-title":"What is the difference in concussion management in children as compared with adults? A systematic review.","volume":"51","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241368r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016.","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241368r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th international conference on concussion in sport\u2013Amsterdam, October 2022.","volume":"57","author":"Patricios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"zoi241368r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.075","article-title":"Variations in mechanisms of injury for children with concussion.","volume":"197","author":"Haarbauer-Krupa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi241368r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00193-1","article-title":"Improving outcome after paediatric concussion: challenges and possibilities.","volume":"7","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241368r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.41","article-title":"Child development and pediatric sport and recreational injuries by age.","volume":"49","author":"Schwebel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241368r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0158","article-title":"Duration and course of post-concussive symptoms.","volume":"133","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241368r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512444554","article-title":"The role of age and sex in symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and postural stability in athletes after concussion.","volume":"40","author":"Covassin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241368r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509349491","article-title":"Natural history of concussion in sport: markers of severity and implications for management.","volume":"38","author":"Makdissi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241368r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000413","article-title":"Length of recovery from sports-related concussions in pediatric patients treated at concussion clinics.","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241368r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.08.034","article-title":"Characteristics of prolonged concussion recovery in a pediatric subspecialty referral population.","volume":"165","author":"Corwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0994","article-title":"Pediatric sport-related concussion: a review of the clinical management of an oft-neglected population.","volume":"117","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.08.009","article-title":"Long-term consequences: effects on normal development profile after concussion.","volume":"22","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241368r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150360547053","article-title":"Developing experimental models to address traumatic brain injury in children.","volume":"20","author":"Prins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241368r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.3820","article-title":"Natural progression of symptom change and recovery from concussion in a pediatric population.","volume":"173","author":"Ledoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi241368r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1203","article-title":"Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children with acute concussion in the ED.","volume":"315","author":"Zemek","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241368r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0925","article-title":"Epidemiology of postconcussion syndrome in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"126","author":"Barlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241368r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0432","article-title":"Time interval between concussions and symptom duration.","volume":"132","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241368r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003550","article-title":"Predicting and preventing postconcussive problems in paediatrics (5P) study: protocol for a prospective multicentre clinical prediction rule derivation study in children with concussion.","volume":"3","author":"Zemek","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241368r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001360","article-title":"Pediatric emergency research Canada: origins and evolution.","volume":"34","author":"Bialy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241368r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092313","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012.","volume":"47","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241368r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1988.11709513","article-title":"Recommendations for participation in competitive sports.","volume":"16","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241368r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support.","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000327255.38881.ca","article-title":"Improving identification and diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury with evidence: psychometric support for the acute concussion evaluation.","volume":"23","author":"Gioia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241368r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092313","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2012.","volume":"47","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu014","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the postconcussion symptom inventory in children and adolescents.","volume":"29","author":"Sady","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"zoi241368r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241368r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101092","article-title":"Does disallowing body checking in non-elite 13- to 14-year-old ice hockey leagues reduce rates of injury and concussion? A cohort study in two Canadian provinces.","volume":"54","author":"Emery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"zoi241368r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097392","article-title":"The risk of injury associated with body checking among pee wee ice hockey players: an evaluation of Hockey Canada\u2019s national body checking policy change.","volume":"51","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241368r37","first-page":"e57","article-title":"Effect of bodychecking on rate of injuries among minor hockey players.","volume":"5","author":"Cusimano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241368r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738119849105","article-title":"Epidemiology of injuries in ice hockey.","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241368r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.101540","article-title":"Risk of injury associated with bodychecking experience among youth hockey players.","volume":"183","author":"Emery","year":"2011","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxad007","article-title":"Sport-related concussion and bodychecking in children and youth: evaluation, management, and policy implications.","volume":"28","author":"Goulet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241368r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.21463","article-title":"Characteristics of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury and recovery in a concussion clinic population.","volume":"3","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi241368r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.014","article-title":"Specific factors influence postconcussion symptom duration among youth referred to a sports concussion clinic.","volume":"174","author":"Heyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241368r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817749655","article-title":"The association between premorbid conditions in school-aged children with prolonged concussion recovery.","volume":"33","author":"Guerriero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241368r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.53318","article-title":"Contrasting characteristics and outcomes of sports-related and non-sports-related traumatic brain injury.","volume":"7","author":"Ntikas","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241368r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-020-00060-0","article-title":"Post-concussion symptoms in sports-related mild traumatic brain injury compared to non-sports-related mild traumatic brain injury.","volume":"23","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241368r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0181.23","article-title":"Postinjury outcomes after non-sport-related concussion: a CARE consortium study.","volume":"59","author":"Roby","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241368r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12056","article-title":"Post-concussion symptom burden in children following motor vehicle collisions.","volume":"1","author":"Lumba-Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241368r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E52","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000051","article-title":"Does mechanism of injury play a role in recovery from concussion?","volume":"30","author":"Seiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa086","article-title":"Differences in adolescent symptom reporting following motor vehicle accident versus sport-related concussion.","volume":"36","author":"Tarkenton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.FOCUS15593","article-title":"Predictors of postconcussion syndrome in collegiate student-athletes.","volume":"40","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241368r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01830-3","article-title":"Premorbid risk factors and acute injury characteristics of sport-related concussion across the national collegiate athletic association: findings from the concussion assessment, research, and education (CARE) consortium.","volume":"53","author":"Memmini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241368r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.01.001","article-title":"Which psychosocial factors are associated with return to sport following concussion? A systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"van Ierssel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241368r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.10.043","article-title":"Dodgeball-related injuries treated at emergency departments.","volume":"38","author":"Forrester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"zoi241368r56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is early activity resumption after paediatric concussion safe and does it reduce symptom burden at 2 weeks post injury? The pediatric concussion assessment of rest and exertion (PedCARE) multicentre randomised clinical trial.","volume":"0","author":"Ledoux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241368r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00267-4","article-title":"Early targeted heart rate aerobic exercise versus placebo stretching for sport-related concussion in adolescents: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"5","author":"Leddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"zoi241368r24","unstructured":"Haydel? M. Assessment of traumatic brain injury, acute. Updated July 11, 2023. Accessed October 22, 2024. https:\/\/bestpractice.bmj.com\/topics\/en-gb\/515"},{"key":"zoi241368r30","unstructured":"The R Foundation. The R project for statistical computing. Accessed October 22, 2024. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"zoi241368r32","unstructured":"Harrell? FE. Regression modeling strategies. Updated August 2024. Accessed October 22, 2024. https:\/\/github.com\/harrelfe\/rms"},{"key":"zoi241368r33","unstructured":"Baker? S, Moore? T. Directory tree. Published September 26, 2023. Accessed October 22, 2024. https:\/\/hbiostat.org\/R\/rms\/"},{"key":"zoi241368r34","unstructured":"Lenth? R. Estimated marginal means (least-squares means). Updated October 2024. Accessed October 22, 2024. https:\/\/github.com\/rvlenth\/emmeans"},{"key":"zoi241368r54","unstructured":"National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Position on dodgeball in physical education. 2006. Accessed October 22, 2024. https:\/\/peacefulplaygrounds.com\/download\/pdf\/Position-on-Dodgeball-in-PE-2006.pdf"},{"key":"zoi241368r55","unstructured":"Reed? N, Zemek? R, Dawson? J, Ledoux? A, Living Guideline for Diagnosing and Managing Pediatric Concussion. PedsConcussion. 2021. Accessed October 22, 2024. https:\/\/pedsconcussion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Living-Guideline-for-PedsConcussion-Care.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2827226\/ledoux_2024_oi_241368_1732143045.8035.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T16:00:52Z","timestamp":1733328052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2827226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.48797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]}}}