{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:55:17Z","timestamp":1789044917034,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>In pregnancy, the benefits of lithium treatment for relapse prevention in psychiatric conditions must be weighed against potential teratogenic effects. Currently, there is a paucity of information on how and when lithium is used by pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To examine lithium use in the perinatal period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This cohort study used individual-level data of pregnancies from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021, in Australia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, the UK, and 2 cohorts in the US. Analyses were performed from September 1 to November 30, 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>The prevalence of lithium use as the proportion of pregnancies with at least 1 prescription fill or prescription within 3 months before pregnancy until childbirth was estimated using a common protocol. Lithium use during pregnancy by trimester and in the 3 months before and after pregnancy was examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Comparison of prevalence between the first and last 3-year periods of available data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among 21\u202f659\u202f454 pregnancies from all collaborating sites, the prevalence of lithium use ranged from 0.07 per 1000 pregnancies in Hong Kong to 1.56 per 1000 in the US publicly insured population. Lithium use increased per 1000 pregnancies in 10 populations (Australia [0.60 to 0.74], Denmark [0.09 to 0.51], Finland [0.10 to 0.29], Iceland [0.24 to 0.99], Israel [0.25 to 0.37], Norway [0.24 to 0.47], South Korea [0.30 to 0.44], Sweden [0.42 to 1.07], the UK [0.07 to 0.10], and Taiwan [0.15 to 0.19]), remained stable in 4 populations (Germany [0.17 to 0.16], Hong Kong [0.06 to 0.06], and the publicly [1.50 to 1.34] and commercially [0.38 to 0.36] insured US populations), and decreased in 1 population (New Zealand [0.54 to 0.39]). Use of lithium decreased with each trimester of pregnancy, while prevalence of postpartum use was similar to prepregnancy levels. The proportion of lithium use in the second trimester compared with the prepregnancy period ranged from 2% in South Korea to 80% in Denmark.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>Prevalence of lithium use in pregnant women over the past 2 decades varied markedly between populations. Patterns of use before, during, and after pregnancy suggest that many women discontinued lithium use during pregnancy and reinitiated treatment after childbirth, with large variations between countries. These findings underscore the need for internationally harmonized guidelines, specifically for psychiatric conditions among pregnant women that may benefit from lithium treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.51117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T16:32:17Z","timestamp":1734366737000},"page":"e2451117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lithium Use During Pregnancy in 14 Countries"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Wittstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn E.","family":"Cesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Bendix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Bliddal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense"},{"name":"Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne Y. L.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongtai","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases and Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data and Analytics, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alys","family":"Havard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Hernandez-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista F.","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Kollhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Chia-Cheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarit K.","family":"Leinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data and Analytics, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Teratology Information Service, Emergency Medicine and Services, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M. H.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth K. C.","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL (University College London) School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Medicines Optimisation Research and Education, University College London Hospitals NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa W. S.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianne","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pazzagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran S.","family":"Rotem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Schink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Young","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duong T.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C. K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Division, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Zoega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Reutfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10027","key":"zoi241418r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00241-X","article-title":"Bipolar disorder.","volume":"387","author":"Grande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"zoi241418r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00377","article-title":"Lithium treatment over the lifespan in bipolar disorders.","volume":"11","author":"Volkmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi241418r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20230","article-title":"Risks and benefits of psychotropic medication in pregnancy: cohort studies based on UK electronic primary care health records.","volume":"20","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241418r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121024","article-title":"Lithium prescribing during pregnancy: a UK primary care database study.","volume":"10","author":"McCrea","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241418r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3366","article-title":"Increasing use of atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants during pregnancy.","volume":"22","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"zoi241418r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.01.115","article-title":"Psychotropic drug utilization patterns in pregnant women with bipolar disorder: a 16-year population-based cohort study.","volume":"57","author":"Kan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"zoi241418r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.001","article-title":"Psychopharmacological drug utilization patterns in pregnant women with bipolar disorder\u2014a nationwide register-based study.","volume":"210","author":"Broeks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241418r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1103","article-title":"Psychopharmacological prescribing practices in pregnancy for women with severe mental illness: a multicentre study.","volume":"29","author":"Galbally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"zoi241418r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S314959","article-title":"Nordic Health Registry\u2013based research: a review of health care systems and key registries.","volume":"13","author":"Laugesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241418r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae045","article-title":"Data resource profile: the early life course data platform for research on perinatal and early childhood exposures and outcomes in Australia.","volume":"53","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi241418r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4588","article-title":"Optimizing an algorithm for the identification and classification of pregnancy outcomes in German claims data.","volume":"27","author":"Wentzell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"zoi241418r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00350","article-title":"Estimating the beginning of pregnancy in German claims data: development of an algorithm with a focus on the expected delivery date.","volume":"8","author":"Schink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"zoi241418r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j2350","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2350","article-title":"Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: population based cohort study.","volume":"357","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"zoi241418r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S196293","article-title":"Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance Research Database: past and future.","volume":"11","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241418r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8327-3","article-title":"Personal and social patterns predict influenza vaccination decision.","volume":"20","author":"Shaham","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi241418r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4671","article-title":"Generation of a pregnancy cohort for medicine utilisation and medicine safety studies in New Zealand.","volume":"27","author":"Donald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241418r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000325","article-title":"Brief report: databases in the Asia-Pacific Region: the potential for a distributed network approach.","volume":"26","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241418r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098","article-title":"Data resource profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD).","volume":"44","author":"Herrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241418r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067405","article-title":"Harnessing the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) to evaluate medications in pregnancy: design considerations.","volume":"8","author":"Palmsten","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi241418r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4794","article-title":"Identifying pregnancies in insurance claims data: methods and application to retinoid teratogenic surveillance.","volume":"28","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241418r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19030228","article-title":"Lithium exposure during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes.","volume":"177","author":"Fornaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241418r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-018-0135-7","article-title":"Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review.","volume":"6","author":"Poels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi241418r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612222","article-title":"Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations.","volume":"376","author":"Patorno","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241418r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30180-9","article-title":"Maternal and infant outcomes associated with lithium use in pregnancy: an international collaborative meta-analysis of six cohort studies.","volume":"5","author":"Munk-Olsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241418r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5318","article-title":"Bipolar disorder prevalence and psychotropic medication utilisation in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom.","volume":"30","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241418r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.52","article-title":"Trends in the psychopharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder: a nationwide register-based study.","volume":"28","author":"Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241418r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19091000","article-title":"20-Year trends in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder by psychiatrists in outpatient care settings.","volume":"177","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241418r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000440","article-title":"Utilization of psychopharmacological treatment among patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder from 2001 to 2010.","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"zoi241418r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112965","article-title":"Drug treatment for patients with bipolar disorders in psychiatric practices in Germany in 2009 and 2018.","volume":"289","author":"Bohlken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241418r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13504","article-title":"Twenty-year medication use trends in first-episode bipolar disorder.","volume":"146","author":"Poranen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"zoi241418r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.016","article-title":"Bipolar women\u2019s antepartum psychotropic exposure and offspring risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"295","author":"Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"zoi241418r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.03.048","article-title":"Antipsychotic drug use in pregnancy: a multinational study from ten countries.","volume":"220","author":"Reutfors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"zoi241418r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.022","article-title":"Is there consensus across international evidence-based guidelines for the psychotropic drug management of bipolar disorder during the perinatal period?","volume":"228","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi241418r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415617657","article-title":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders.","volume":"49","author":"Malhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241418r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005202","article-title":"Treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5.","volume":"141","author":"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241418r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2022.20.4.747","article-title":"Korean medication algorithm project for bipolar disorder 2022, fifth revision: an executive summary.","volume":"20","author":"Woo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi241418r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103480","article-title":"Taiwan consensus on biological treatment of bipolar disorder during the acute, maintenance, and mixed phases: the 2022 update.","volume":"82","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241418r42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health status and utilization: differences by Medicaid coverage and income.","volume":"7","author":"Kasper","year":"1986","journal-title":"Health Care Financ Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241418r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1103-3","article-title":"Lithium use and non-use for pregnant and postpartum women with bipolar disorder.","volume":"21","author":"Hermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"zoi241418r44","author":"Masters","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi241418r2","volume-title":"Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"zoi241418r22","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Project for Statistical Computing. 2022. Accessed November 15, 2023. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"zoi241418r36","unstructured":"Pettersson? K. St\u00e4mningsstabiliserande l\u00e4kemedel vid graviditet och f\u00f6rlossning. Accessed December 4, 2023. https:\/\/kunskapsstodforvardgivare.se\/omraden\/kvinnosjukdomar-och-forlossning\/riktlinjer-for-forlossningsvard\/forlossningsvard\/riktlinjer\/stamningsstabiliserande-lakemedel-vid-graviditet-och-forlossning"},{"key":"zoi241418r38","unstructured":"Nordentoft? M, Wildfang Lykkebo? A, Birkelund Johansen? K, Horwitz? H. Psykofarmakologisk behandling under graviditet og amning. 2022. Accessed February 9, 2024. https:\/\/www.dpsnet.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Psykofarmakologisk-behandling-under-graviditet-og-amning.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2828074\/wittstrm_2024_oi_241418_1733756398.52913.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T16:32:20Z","timestamp":1734366740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2828074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.51117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}