{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:24:47Z","timestamp":1790907887571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Identification of individuals at high risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and subsequent application of prevention and intervention programs has been reported to decrease the incidence of AUD. The polygenic score (PGS), which measures an individual\u2019s genetic liability to a disease, can potentially be used to evaluate AUD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To assess the estimability and generalizability of the PGS, compared with family history and ADH1B<\/jats:italic>, in evaluating the risk of AUD among populations of European ancestry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This genetic association study was conducted between October 1, 2023, and May 21, 2024. A 2-stage design was used. First, the pruning and thresholding method was used to calculate PGSs in the screening stage. Second, the estimability and generalizability of the best PGS was determined using 2 independent samples in the testing stage. Three cohorts ascertained to study AUD were used in the screening stage: the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE), and the Australian Twin-Family Study of Alcohol Use Disorder (OZALC). The All of Us Research Program (AOU), which comprises participants with diverse backgrounds and conditions, and the Indiana Biobank (IB), consisting of Indiana University Health system patients, were used to test the best PGS. For the COGA, SAGE, and OZALC cohorts, cases with AUD were determined using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition<\/jats:italic> (DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>) or Fifth Edition<\/jats:italic> (DSM-5<\/jats:italic>) criteria; controls did not meet any criteria or did not have any other substance use disorders. For the AOU and IB cohorts, cases with AUD were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision<\/jats:italic> (ICD-9<\/jats:italic>) or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision<\/jats:italic> (ICD-10<\/jats:italic>) codes; controls were aged 21 years or older and did not have AUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>The PGS was calculated using single-nucleotide variants with concordant effects in 3 large-scale genome-wide association studies of AUD-related phenotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The main outcome was AUD determined with DSM-IV<\/jats:italic> or DSM-5<\/jats:italic> criteria and ICD-9<\/jats:italic> or ICD-10<\/jats:italic> codes. Generalized linear mixed models and logistic regression models were used to analyze related and unrelated samples, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The COGA, SAGE, and OZALC cohorts included a total of 8799 samples (6323 cases and\u20092476 controls; 50.6% were men). The AOU cohort had a total of 116 064 samples (5660 cases and\u2009110\u202f404 controls; 60.4% were women). The IB cohort had 6373 samples (936 cases and 5437 controls; 54.9% were women). The 5% of samples with the highest PGS in the AOU and IB cohorts were approximately 2 times more likely to develop AUD (odds ratio [OR], 1.96 [95% CI, 1.78-2.16]; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.10\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221243<\/jats:sup>; and OR, 2.07 [95% CI, 1.59-2.71]; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099.15\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22128<\/jats:sup>, respectively) compared with the remaining 95% of samples; these ORs were comparable to family history of AUD. For the 5% of samples with the lowest PGS in the AOU and IB cohorts, the risk of AUD development was approximately half (OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.45-0.62]; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096.98\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221215<\/jats:sup>; and OR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.39-0.84]; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.88\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22123<\/jats:sup>) compared with the remaining 95% of samples; these ORs were comparable to the protective effect of ADH1B<\/jats:italic>. PGS had similar estimabilities in male and female individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this study of AUD risk among populations of European ancestry, PGSs were calculated using concordant single-nucleotide variants and the best PGS was tested in targeted datasets. The findings suggest that the PGS may potentially be used to evaluate AUD risk. More datasets with similar AUD prevalence as in general populations are needed to further test the generalizability of PGS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T16:32:02Z","timestamp":1735576322000},"page":"e2452705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Alcohol Use Disorder Polygenic Score Compared With Family History and ADH1B<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dongbing","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hwi","family":"Schwantes-An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chella","family":"Kamarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Health Science University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weipeng","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Health Science University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John I.","family":"Nurnberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Plawecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schuckit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Medical School, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernice","family":"Porjesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Health Science University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Foroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"zoi241470r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16789","article-title":"Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"320","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004148.pub3","article-title":"Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations.","author":"Kaner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi241470r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30213-5","article-title":"Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder.","volume":"6","author":"Knox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241470r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1808661","article-title":"A health risk assessment and early alcohol intervention program for non-mandated students.","volume":"70","author":"Welter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.09.035","article-title":"Primary care intervention to reduce alcohol misuse ranking its health impact and cost effectiveness.","volume":"34","author":"Solberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241470r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00017","article-title":"Behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce risky\/harmful alcohol use by adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.","volume":"140","author":"Whitlock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r10","first-page":"210","article-title":"Individual-focused approaches to the prevention of college student drinking.","volume":"34","author":"Cronce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241470r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.55.4.247-254","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Web-based alcohol-misuse and harm-prevention course among high- and low-risk students.","volume":"55","author":"Bersamin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.25","article-title":"The Low Level of Response to Alcohol-Based Heavy Drinking Prevention Program: one-year follow-up.","volume":"77","author":"Schuckit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241470r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01419.x","article-title":"Family history as a predictor of alcohol dependence.","volume":"16","author":"Dawson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r15","first-page":"144","article-title":"The impact of a family history of alcoholism on the relationship between age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.","volume":"22","author":"Grant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241470r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.637","article-title":"The link between family history and early onset alcoholism: earlier initiation of drinking or more rapid development of dependence?","volume":"61","author":"Dawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.97","article-title":"Family history of alcoholism and gender: their combined effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence and major depression.","volume":"59","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241470r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb00983.x","article-title":"Comparison of direct interview and family history diagnoses of alcohol dependence.","volume":"19","author":"Rice","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241470r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14401","article-title":"The search for contributors to low rates of recognition of paternal alcohol use disorders in offspring from the San Diego Prospective Study.","volume":"44","author":"Schuckit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.05.034","article-title":"Risk in relatives, heritability, SNP-based heritability, and genetic correlations in psychiatric disorders: a review.","volume":"89","author":"Baselmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi241470r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2009.177","article-title":"Sporadic cases are the norm for complex disease.","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3049","article-title":"From basic science to clinical application of polygenic risk scores: a primer.","volume":"78","author":"Wray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi241470r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12158","article-title":"Gender differences in lifetime alcohol dependence: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241470r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14772","article-title":"Evaluating risk for alcohol use disorder: polygenic risk scores and family history.","volume":"46","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15239","article-title":"Associations between alcohol use disorder polygenic score and remission in participants from high-risk families and the Indiana Biobank.","volume":"48","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13848-1","article-title":"Genomic risk score offers predictive performance comparable to clinical risk factors for ischaemic stroke.","volume":"10","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241470r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.27","article-title":"Developing and evaluating polygenic risk prediction models for stratified disease prevention.","volume":"17","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0556-y","article-title":"Multitrait analysis of glaucoma identifies new risk loci and enables polygenic prediction of disease susceptibility and progression.","volume":"52","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi241470r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0183-z","article-title":"Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations.","volume":"50","author":"Khera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241470r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.028","article-title":"Polygenic prediction of weight and obesity trajectories from birth to adulthood.","volume":"177","author":"Khera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7726","key":"zoi241470r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0566-4","article-title":"Common genetic variants contribute to risk of rare severe neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"562","author":"Niemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.203","article-title":"Predicting educational achievement from DNA.","volume":"23","author":"Selzam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi241470r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0018-x","article-title":"The personal and clinical utility of polygenic risk scores.","volume":"19","author":"Torkamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02029-2","article-title":"Gene-based polygenic risk scores analysis of alcohol use disorder in African Americans.","volume":"12","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241470r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230510","article-title":"Identifying genes associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease using gene-based polygenic risk score.","volume":"96","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241470r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09480-8","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and use disorder in 274,424 individuals from multiple populations.","volume":"10","author":"Kranzler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18040369","article-title":"Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in two population-based cohorts.","volume":"176","author":"Sanchez-Roige","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7944","key":"zoi241470r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","article-title":"FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population.","volume":"613","author":"Kurki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi241470r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq340","article-title":"METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans.","volume":"26","author":"Willer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241470r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3766","article-title":"Case-control association mapping by proxy using family history of disease.","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"8003","key":"zoi241470r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06957-x","article-title":"Genomic data in the All of Us Research Program.","volume":"627","author":"Bick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241470r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","article-title":"PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.","volume":"81","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"zoi241470r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","article-title":"Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets.","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi241470r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0275-1","article-title":"Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders.","volume":"21","author":"Walters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi241470r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13904","article-title":"Alcohol dehydrogenases, aldehyde dehydrogenases, and alcohol use disorders: a critical review.","volume":"42","author":"Edenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"zoi241470r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106668","article-title":"Intersection of familial risk and environmental social control on high-risk drinking and alcohol dependence in a US national sample of adults.","volume":"113","author":"Karriker-Jaffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241470r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01767-6","article-title":"Development of a clinical polygenic risk score assay and reporting workflow.","volume":"28","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02796-z","article-title":"Selection, optimization and validation of ten chronic disease polygenic risk scores for clinical implementation in diverse US populations.","volume":"30","author":"Lennon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241470r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.2.01","article-title":"Gender differences in the epidemiology of alcohol use and related harms in the United States.","volume":"40","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"zoi241470r13","volume-title":"AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification: Test Guidelines for Use in Primary Care","author":"Babor","year":"2001","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"zoi241470r1","unstructured":"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018: executive summary. World Health Organization. 2018. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/312318"},{"key":"zoi241470r2","unstructured":"2022 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) releases. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Accessed April 18, 2024. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/release\/2022-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases"},{"key":"zoi241470r3","unstructured":"Explore the health registries of Finland. Risteys. Accessed April 17, 2024. https:\/\/risteys.finregistry.fi\/endpoints\/AUD#mortality"},{"key":"zoi241470r39","unstructured":"Access results. FinnGen Consortium. Accessed August 4, 2023. https:\/\/www.finngen.fi\/en\/access_results"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2828516\/lai_2024_oi_241470_1734466945.4884.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T16:32:08Z","timestamp":1735576328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2828516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52705","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}}}