{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:59:25Z","timestamp":1792184365794,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Understanding environmental risk factors for gestational diabetes (GD) is crucial for developing preventive strategies and improving pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To examine the association of county-level radon exposure with GD risk in pregnant individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This multicenter, population-based cohort study used data from the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be (nuMoM2b) cohort, which recruited nulliparous pregnant participants from 8 US clinical centers between October 2010 and September 2013. Participants who had pregestational diabetes or were missing data on GD or county-level radon measurements were excluded from the current study. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to January 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>County-level radon data were created by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory based on the Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s short- and long-term indoor home radon assessments. Radon exposure was categorized into 3 groups: less than 1, 1 to less than 2, and 2 or more picocuries (pCi)\/L (to convert to becquerels per cubic meter, multiply by 37). Because radon, smoking, and fine particulate matter air pollutants (PM2.5<\/jats:sub>) may share similar biological pathways, participants were categorized by joint classifications of radon level (&amp;lt;2 and \u22652 pCi\/L) with smoking status (never smokers and ever smokers) and radon level with PM2.5<\/jats:sub> level (above or below the median).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The main outcome was GD, identified based on glucose tolerance testing and information from medical record abstraction. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between radon exposure and GD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among the 9107 participants, mean (SD) age was 27.0 (5.6) years; 3782 of 9101 (41.6%) had ever used tobacco. The mean (SD) county-level radon concentration was 1.6 (0.9) pCi\/L, and 382 participants (4.2%) had GD recorded. After adjusting for potential confounders, individuals living in counties with the highest radon level (\u22652 pCi\/L) had higher odds of developing GD compared with those living in counties with the lowest radon level (&amp;lt;1 pCi\/L) (odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.02-1.84); after additional adjustment for PM2.5<\/jats:sub>, the OR was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.00-1.86). Elevated odds of GD were also observed in ever smokers living in counties with a higher (\u22652 pCi\/L) radon level (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.41-3.11) and participants living in counties with higher radon and PM2.5<\/jats:sub> levels (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.31-2.83), though no statistically significant interactions were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>This cohort study suggests that higher radon exposure is associated with greater odds of GD in nulliparous pregnant individuals. Further studies are needed to confirm the results and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, especially with individual-level residential radon exposure assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.54319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T16:31:20Z","timestamp":1736526680000},"page":"e2454319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Radon Exposure and Gestational Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yijia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Angley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Science, College of Health, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Grobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair J.","family":"Wylie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelia M.","family":"Zork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"D\u2019Alton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyagriv N.","family":"Simhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute & Foundation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George R.","family":"Saade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka","family":"Kahe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus.","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241522r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/FM9.0000000000000019","article-title":"Updates in long-term maternal and fetal adverse effects of gestational diabetes mellitus.","volume":"1","author":"Shou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Fetal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13965-5","article-title":"Environmental health influences in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.","volume":"22","author":"Eberle","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003602","article-title":"Association between prenatal smoking and gestational diabetes mellitus.","volume":"135","author":"Bar-Zeev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241522r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(97)10002-1","article-title":"Radiation dose to the human respiratory tract from inhalation of radon-222 and its progeny.","volume":"49","author":"el-Hussein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Radiat Isot"},{"key":"zoi241522r11","first-page":"5","article-title":"Dynamics of radioactive chemically inert gases in the human body.","volume":"22","author":"Peterman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"issue":"7485","key":"zoi241522r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38308.477650.63","article-title":"Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies.","volume":"330","author":"Darby","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000937","article-title":"Air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus: evidence from cohort studies.","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"zoi241522r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139340","article-title":"Ambient particle radioactivity and gestational diabetes: a cohort study of more than 1 million pregnant women in Massachusetts, USA.","volume":"733","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241522r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001197","article-title":"The role of ambient particle radioactivity in inflammation and endothelial function in an elderly cohort.","volume":"31","author":"Blomberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241522r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-0204-8","article-title":"Effects of particulate matter gamma radiation on oxidative stress biomarkers in COPD patients.","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241522r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29069","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance.","volume":"116","author":"Shoelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70873-7","article-title":"Prepregnancy smoking and the risk of gestational diabetes requiring insulin therapy.","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241522r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.01.019","article-title":"A description of the methods of the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be (nuMoM2b).","volume":"212","author":"Haas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241522r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.08.012","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"45","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241522r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-1153","article-title":"Radon and lung cancer in the American Cancer Society Cohort.","volume":"20","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi241522r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws198","article-title":"Radon and nonrespiratory mortality in the American Cancer Society Cohort.","volume":"176","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241522r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00058211","article-title":"Radon and COPD mortality in the American Cancer Society Cohort.","volume":"39","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"zoi241522r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.059","article-title":"County-level radon exposure and all-cause mortality risk among Medicare beneficiaries.","volume":"130","author":"Yitshak-Sade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02034901","article-title":"Two EPA approaches to radon surveys.","volume":"161","author":"Phillips","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Radioanal Nucl Chem"},{"key":"zoi241522r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(96)00173-0","article-title":"Joint analysis of long-and short-term radon monitoring data from the Northern US.","volume":"22","author":"Price","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241522r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01797437","article-title":"Soil radon, permeability, and indoor radon prediction.","volume":"19","author":"Mose","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ Geol Water Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001805","article-title":"Association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus.","volume":"129","author":"Facco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241522r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2267","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus by BMI.","volume":"35","author":"Hedderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241522r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01140.x","article-title":"Disparities in the risk of gestational diabetes by race-ethnicity and country of birth.","volume":"24","author":"Hedderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2013-0005","article-title":"A tutorial on interaction.","volume":"3","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010246","article-title":"Chronic home radon exposure is associated with higher inflammatory biomarker concentrations in children and adolescents.","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"zoi241522r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106285","article-title":"Residential radon exposure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Massachusetts, USA: a cohort study.","volume":"146","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05421-6","article-title":"Residential radon and characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","volume":"12","author":"Pando-Sandoval","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241522r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2017.1238526","article-title":"Residential radon and COPD: an ecological study in Galicia, Spain.","volume":"93","author":"Barbosa-Lorenzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241522r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R25","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0278","article-title":"Involvement of oxidative stress in placental dysfunction: the pathophysiology of fetal death and pregnancy disorders.","volume":"166","author":"Sultana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241522r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020428","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial miRNAs in the development of radon-induced lung cancer.","volume":"10","author":"Kussainova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"zoi241522r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100814-125620","article-title":"Placenta: the forgotten organ.","volume":"31","author":"Maltepe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241522r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834c800d","article-title":"Placental hormones and the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth.","volume":"18","author":"Newbern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241522r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-1310-9","article-title":"Phenotypic comparison between smoking and non-smoking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","volume":"21","author":"Salvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241522r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2018.1523071","article-title":"Effect modification of ambient particle mortality by radon: a time series analysis in 108 US cities.","volume":"69","author":"Blomberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241522r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12631","article-title":"Association between particulate matter 2.5 and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241522r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9608-4","article-title":"Is there any interaction between domestic radon exposure and air pollution from traffic in relation to childhood leukemia risk?","volume":"21","author":"Br\u00e4uner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi241522r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.025470","article-title":"Synergistic effects of particle radioactivity (gross \u00df activity) and particulate matter =2.5?\u00b5m aerodynamic diameter on cardiovascular disease mortality.","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"zoi241522r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(96)00193-6","article-title":"Retrospective assessment of radon exposure by measurements of 210Po implanted in surfaces using an alpha track detector technique.","volume":"22","author":"Falk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241522r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200107000-00009","article-title":"Residential radon and lung cancer among never-smokers in Sweden.","volume":"12","author":"Lagarde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"zoi241522r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-016-0092-5","article-title":"Residential radon and environmental burden of disease among non-smokers.","volume":"28","author":"Noh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241522r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043648","article-title":"Smoking modifies the association between radon exposure and incident ischemic stroke: the REGARDS Study.","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"30","key":"zoi241522r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20241-x","article-title":"Radon exposure and risk of cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis in occupational and general population studies.","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"zoi241522r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112980","article-title":"Does protracted radon exposure play a role in the development of dementia?","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"zoi241522r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120272","article-title":"Exposure to radon and ambient particle radioactivity during pregnancy and adverse maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes: the current literature and potential mechanisms.","volume":"263","author":"Angley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"zoi241522r6","volume-title":"WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"zoi241522r8","author":"Price","year":"1987"},{"key":"zoi241522r9","volume-title":"Health Effects of Exposure to Radon","author":"National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Radiation Effects Research, Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon (BEIR V)","year":"1999"},{"key":"zoi241522r2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About gestational diabetes. Accessed February 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/about\/gestational-diabetes.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/gestational.html"},{"key":"zoi241522r7","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure to radon causes lung cancer in non-smokers and smokers alike. Accessed February 5, 2020. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radon\/health-risk-radon#head"},{"key":"zoi241522r13","unstructured":"Field? RW. Radon: a leading environmental cause of lung cancer. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(5):280-282."},{"key":"zoi241522r29","unstructured":"Blomberg? A. Radon data. GitHub. Updated March 21, 2018. Accessed September 2, 2023. https:\/\/github.com\/ajblomberg\/RadonData"},{"key":"zoi241522r33","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Air data: air quality data collected at outdoor monitors across the US. Accessed February 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/outdoor-air-quality-data"},{"key":"zoi241522r34","unstructured":"US Enviromental Protection Agency. What is EPA\u2019s action level for radon and what does it mean? Accessed April 17, 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radon\/what-epas-action-level-radon-and-what-does-it-mean"},{"key":"zoi241522r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li? L, Coull? B, Vieira? CLZ, Koutrakis? P. High-resolution national radon maps based on massive indoor measurements in the United States. Accessed November 1, 2024. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4800406 doi:10.2139\/ssrn.4800406","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4800406"},{"key":"zoi241522r57","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network. Accessed May 9, 2024. https:\/\/ephtracking.cdc.gov\/"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2828917\/zhang_2025_oi_241522_1735336803.88541.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T16:31:26Z","timestamp":1736526686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2828917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.54319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]}}}