{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:47:42Z","timestamp":1788547662837,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Climate change can adversely affect mental health, but the association of ambient temperature with psychiatric symptoms remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess the association of ambient temperature exposure with internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems in adolescents from 2 population-based birth cohorts in Europe.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study analyzed data from the Dutch Generation R Study and the Spanish INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente) Project. Generation R recruited 9898 women during pregnancy or shortly after birth, with children born between 2002 and 2006. INMA recruited 2270 pregnant women from Gipuzkoa, Sabadell, and Valencia, Spain, with children born between 2003 and 2008. Individuals born from live singleton births with available outcome and exposure data were included in the study. Data were analyzed between October 2023 and November 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Daily ambient temperature 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months preceding outcome assessment was calculated between December 2015 and November 2022 at the residence at 100\u2009\u00d7\u2009100 m resolution utilizing the UrbClim model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcomes were internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems, measured with the maternal-reported Child Behavioral Checklist for ages 6 to 18 years; raw scores were square-root transformed, with higher scores indicating more problems. Distributed lag nonlinear models evaluated the associations of temperature exposure with problem scores in each country and region. For Spain, results from the 3 INMA regions were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. Results show the accumulated temperature association over each exposure period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 3934 participants from Generation R (mean [SD] age at assessment, 13.6 [0.4] years; 1971 female [50%]) and 885 from INMA (mean [SD] age at assessment, 14.9 [1.0] years; 458 female [52%]) were included. Most parents in both cohorts were native to the respective countries of each cohort and had relatively high socioeconomic status. Daily temperatures ranged from \u22125.2 \u00b0C to 32.6 \u00b0C in the Netherlands and 3.3 \u00b0C to 33.9 \u00b0C in Spain. In Generation R, the mean (SD) square-root transformed scores were 2.0 (1.2) for internalizing problems, 1.6 (1.3) for externalizing problems, and 1.5 (1.0) for attention problems, while in INMA these were 2.4 (1.2), 2.1 (1.3), and 1.5 (1.1), respectively. In the Netherlands, cumulative exposure to cold was associated with more internalizing problems (eg, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.20-1.32] higher square-root points at 5.5 \u00b0C exposure over a 2-month exposure). In Spain, cumulative exposure to heat was associated with more attention problems (eg, 1.52 [95% CI, 0.39-2.66] higher square-root points at 21.7 \u00b0C exposure over a 2-month exposure).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cohort study, exposure to cold in the Netherlands and heat in Spain were associated with more psychiatric symptoms, highlighting distinct temperature exposure and mental health associations among adolescents. Future studies should explore this across diverse climates to further quantify the intricate and multifactorial association of climate change with mental health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.56898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T11:00:41Z","timestamp":1738062041000},"page":"e2456898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Temperature Exposure and Psychiatric Symptoms in Adolescents From 2 European Birth Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Esm\u00e9e","family":"Essers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Kusters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gran\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Petricola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Lertxundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane","family":"Arregi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Vrijheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"El Marroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"I\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Harvard T.H. 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