{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:13:25Z","timestamp":1787760805249,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Evidence suggests that living near green space supports mental health, but studies examining the association of green space with early mental health symptoms among children are rare.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the association between residential green space and early internalizing (eg, anxiety and depression) and externalizing (eg, aggression and rule-breaking) symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n Data for this cohort study were drawn from the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes cohort; analysis was conducted from July to October 2023. Children born between 2007 and 2013 with outcome data in early (aged 2-5 years) and\/or middle (aged 6-11 years) childhood who resided in 41 states across the US, drawing from clinic, hospital, and community-based cohorts, were included. Cohort sites were eligible if they recruited general population participants and if at least 30 children had outcome and residential address data to measure green space exposure. Nine cohorts with 13 sites met these criteria. Children diagnosed with autism or developmental delay were excluded, and 1 child per family was included.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Green space exposure was measured using a biannual (ie, summer and winter) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, a satellite image\u2013based indicator of vegetation density assigned to monthly residential history from birth to outcome assessment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Child internalizing and externalizing symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1\u00bd to 5 or 6 to 18. The association between green space and internalizing and externalizing symptoms was modeled with multivariable linear regression using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for birthing parent educational level, age at delivery, child sex, prematurity, and neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability. Models were estimated separately for early and middle childhood samples.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 2103 children included, 1061 (50.5%) were male; 606 (29.1%) identified as Black, 1094 (52.5%) as White, 248 (11.9%) as multiple races, and 137 (6.6%) as other races. Outcomes were assessed at mean (SD) ages of 4.2 (0.6) years in 1469 children aged 2 to 5 years and 7.8 (1.6) years in 1173 children aged 6 to 11 years. Greater green space exposure was associated with fewer early childhood internalizing symptoms in fully adjusted models (\n b<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22121.29; 95% CI, \u22121.62 to \u22120.97). No associations were observed between residential green space and internalizing or externalizing symptoms in middle childhood.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this study of residential green space and children\u2019s mental health, the association of green space with fewer internalizing symptoms was observed only in early childhood, suggesting a sensitive period for nature exposure. Policies protecting and promoting access to green space may help alleviate early mental health risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.5742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T11:01:10Z","timestamp":1712746870000},"page":"e245742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Green Space and Internalizing or Externalizing Symptoms Among Children"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nissa","family":"Towe-Goodman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen L.","family":"McArthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Willoughby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Swingler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Wychgram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan C.","family":"Just","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Kloog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah H.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marnie F.","family":"Hazlehurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia Pescador","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Shei","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Leve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Gatzke-Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie B.","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci A.","family":"Bekelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catrina","family":"Calub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Carnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Deoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Discovery & Tools, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viren","family":"D\u2019Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Koinis-Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Petriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Thapaliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amii M.","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Brian","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Kristen","family":"Newby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa P","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane J","family":"Catellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dabelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irva","family":"Hertz-Picciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caherine J","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Tylavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaja Z","family":"LeWinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody M","family":"Ganiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenae M","family":"Neiderhiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Kerver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Fussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Paneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas M.","family":"Ruden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind J","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Bosquet-Enlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Trasande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby HN","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Oken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean CL","family":"Deoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne M","family":"Koinis-Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianne (Elizabeth A)","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanna H","family":"Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Cajka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clancy","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Benjamin","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program collaborators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240233r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-056611","article-title":"Epidemic rates of child and adolescent mental health disorders require an urgent response.","volume":"149","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240233r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.v1520.1","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-analysis.","volume":"1520","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240233r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.12.014","article-title":"Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood: a prospective cohort analysis from the Great Smoky Mountains Study.","volume":"50","author":"Copeland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi240233r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1182309","article-title":"Internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic mixed studies review.","volume":"14","author":"Levante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"zoi240233r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","article-title":"Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: theoretical and methodological guidance.","volume":"158","author":"Markevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240233r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-049155","article-title":"Nature and children\u2019s health: a systematic review.","volume":"148","author":"Fyfe-Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240233r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062802","article-title":"Greenspace interventions, stress and cortisol: a scoping review.","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"zoi240233r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103823","article-title":"A systematic map of research exploring the effect of greenspace on mental health.","volume":"201","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"zoi240233r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153608","article-title":"Greenspace exposure and children behavior: a systematic review.","volume":"824","author":"Zare Sakhvidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240233r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807504116","article-title":"Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood.","volume":"116","author":"Engemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240233r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027493","article-title":"Child development in the context of adversity: experiential canalization of brain and behavior.","volume":"67","author":"Blair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240233r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.6.890","article-title":"Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience.","volume":"126","author":"Davidson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240233r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01959-w","article-title":"Early childhood internalizing problems, externalizing problems and their co-occurrence and (mal)adaptive functioning in emerging adulthood: a 16-year follow-up study.","volume":"56","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240233r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407070174","article-title":"Trajectories of internalizing problems across childhood: heterogeneity, external validity, and gender differences.","volume":"19","author":"Sterba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"zoi240233r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2023.127846","article-title":"The effect of exposure to nature on children\u2019s psychological well-being: a systematic review of the literature.","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240233r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11164","article-title":"Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in multiple measures of blue and green spaces in the United States.","volume":"131","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"zoi240233r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101194","article-title":"Greenspace and mortality in the U.K. Biobank: Longitudinal cohort analysis of socio-economic, environmental, and biomarker pathways.","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240233r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052563","article-title":"Green space and health equity: a systematic review on the potential of green space to reduce health disparities.","volume":"18","author":"Rigolon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi240233r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad071","article-title":"The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)-wide cohort.","volume":"192","author":"Knapp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi240233r22","first-page":"20","article-title":"Child behavior checklist for ages 1 1\/2-5.","volume":"10","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reporter"},{"key":"zoi240233r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.07.006","article-title":"Gray space and green space proximity associated with higher anxiety in youth with autism.","volume":"53","author":"Larson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240233r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094790","article-title":"Associations between nature exposure and health: a review of the evidence.","volume":"18","author":"Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240233r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-015-0043-7","article-title":"A review of the health benefits of greenness.","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"zoi240233r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117649","article-title":"Advancing methodologies for applying machine learning and evaluating spatiotemporal models of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) using satellite data over large regions.","volume":"239","author":"Just","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Environ (1994)"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi240233r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21.8.265","article-title":"The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral\/emotional problems and competencies.","volume":"21","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240233r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.21307\/sjcapp-2020-016","article-title":"Can the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) help characterize the types of psychopathologic conditions driving child psychiatry referrals?","volume":"8","author":"Biederman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240233r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200202000-00012","article-title":"Child and adolescent problems predict DSM-IV disorders in adulthood: a 14-year follow-up of a Dutch epidemiological sample.","volume":"41","author":"Hofstra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi240233r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-010-9352-0","article-title":"Inter-parent agreement on the syndrome scales of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL): correspondence and discrepancies.","volume":"19","author":"Schroeder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"zoi240233r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118208","article-title":"Early life exposure to greenness and executive function and behavior: an application of inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models.","volume":"291","author":"Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240233r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213995","article-title":"Screen-time is associated with inattention problems in preschoolers: results from the CHILD birth cohort study.","volume":"14","author":"Tamana","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"zoi240233r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105661","article-title":"Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; a review of the current evidence.","volume":"140","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"zoi240233r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106084","article-title":"Transfer of environmental microbes to the skin and respiratory tract of humans after urban green space exposure.","volume":"145","author":"Selway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240233r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01369-w","article-title":"Relationship between neighborhood poverty and externalizing symptoms in children: mediation and moderation by environmental factors and brain structure.","volume":"54","author":"Maxwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240233r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.06.035","article-title":"Residential green space quantity and quality and child well-being: a longitudinal study.","volume":"53","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240233r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.079038","article-title":"Morbidity is related to a green living environment.","volume":"63","author":"Maas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"zoi240233r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.454","article-title":"Community greenness and neurobehavioral health in children and adolescents.","volume":"672","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240233r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.10.008","article-title":"The association between natural environments and depressive symptoms in adolescents living in the United States.","volume":"62","author":"Bezold","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"zoi240233r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.06.007","article-title":"The role of urban neighborhood green space in children\u2019s emotional and behavioral resilience.","volume":"40","author":"Flouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240233r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2023.2242196","article-title":"The missing middle of childhood.","volume":"16","author":"Voss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240233r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105146","article-title":"Life course nature exposure and mental health outcomes: a systematic review and future directions.","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240233r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122668","article-title":"Impact of green space exposure on children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 mental health: a systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"Vanaken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240233r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz243","article-title":"Associations of exposure to green space with problem behaviours in preschool-aged children.","volume":"49","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi240233r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-2608(01)80011-3","article-title":"Changes in American children\u2019s time, 1981\u20131997.","volume":"6","author":"Hofferth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Life Course Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240233r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sov071","article-title":"What money doesn\u2019t buy: class resources and children\u2019s participation in organized extracurricular activities.","volume":"94","author":"Weininger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240233r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200011000-00011","article-title":"Child-reported depression and anxiety in preadolescence, I: associations with parent- and teacher-reported problems.","volume":"39","author":"Mesman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi240233r21"},{"key":"zoi240233r33"},{"key":"zoi240233r34","year":"2010"},{"key":"zoi240233r1","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. AAP-AACAP-CHA Declaration of a National Emergency in Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Published October 19, 2021. Accessed May 2023. https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en\/advocacy\/child-and-adolescent-healthy-mental-development\/aap-aacap-cha-declaration-of-a-national-emergency-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health\/"},{"key":"zoi240233r31","unstructured":"Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC\/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index [2018, 2016, 2014, 2010, 2000] Database [US]. Accessed February 22, 2024. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/svi\/data_documentation_download.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2817354\/towegoodman_2024_oi_240233_1712159193.89553.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T11:01:13Z","timestamp":1712746873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2817354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.5742","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]}}}