{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:55:26Z","timestamp":1791554126828,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit reduced cerebellum volume, which is associated with neurocognitive deficits and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), even before dialysis or transplantation. These differences have not been examined within the context of age-related brain changes during childhood to early adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To evaluate differences in age-related neurodevelopmental changes in patients with CKD compared with control participants and to investigate associations between regional neuroanatomy, functional outcomes, and disease-related variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>Case-control study of individuals aged 6 through 21 years with and without CKD at an academic medical center in Iowa City, Iowa, from September 2016 to August 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Neurocognitive testing; 3-T magnetic resonance imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Participants completed standardized neurocognitive assessments and quantitative neuroanatomical scans. Brain regions of interest (ROIs) were analyzed for volumetric differences using automated pipelines. Multivariable linear models assessed neurocognitive and neuroanatomical differences between groups, including an age\u2009\u00d7\u2009group interaction for ROI analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The sample included 124 individuals (mean [SD] age, 12.8 [4.5] years; 74 [59.7%] male), including 87 control participants (44 [50.6%] male) and 37 participants with CKD (30 [81.1%] male). The mean (SD) eGFR was 71.3 [25.5] mL\/min\/1.73 m2<\/jats:sup> for the CKD group. Participants with CKD scored lower than control participants on most neurocognitive measures included in the analyses. The CKD group showed differential age-related changes in cerebellar gray matter (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.10; 95% CI, \u22120.18 to \u22120.01; Cohen f<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.22) and white matter (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.09; 95% CI, \u22120.19 to \u22120.00; Cohen f<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.19). The age\u2009\u00d7\u2009group interaction approached but did not reach significance for amygdala volume (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.09; 95% CI, \u22120.01 to 0.19; Cohen f<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.18; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.06). Volumetric variation in these regions was associated with proxy ratings of executive function in patients with CKD. A significant, positive association between cerebellar gray matter and eGFR was observed in the CKD group (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.04; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.02; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this case-control study, age-related neurodevelopmental differences were observed in pediatric patients with CKD compared with healthy peers. Reductions in cerebellar volume were associated with cognitive deficits and lower kidney function. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring neurodevelopmental trajectories in children with CKD, as early interventions may be necessary to mitigate cognitive impairments associated with CKD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T16:00:57Z","timestamp":1738598457000},"page":"e2457601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Age-Related Changes in Brain Structure in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"van der Plas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock"},{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Becknell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille S.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Alge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock"},{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndsay A.","family":"Harshman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241613r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1158-5","article-title":"Chronic renal insufficiency in children: the 2001 annual report of the NAPRTCS.","volume":"18","author":"Seikaly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi241613r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/13158","article-title":"Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study.","volume":"2","author":"Giedd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi241613r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101","article-title":"Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood.","volume":"101","author":"Gogtay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.016","article-title":"Cerebellum development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal morphometric MRI study.","volume":"49","author":"Tiemeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14505","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits may not resolve following pediatric kidney transplantation.","volume":"27","author":"Lullmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241613r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14597","article-title":"Understanding the impact of pediatric kidney transplantation on cognition: a review of the literature.","volume":"27","author":"Lullmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.323","article-title":"Duration of chronic kidney disease reduces attention and executive function in pediatric patients.","volume":"87","author":"Mendley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241613r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09751110","article-title":"Neurocognitive functioning of children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease.","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20116","article-title":"Neurocognitive outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease: current findings and contemporary endeavors.","volume":"12","author":"Gerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000267","article-title":"Neurocognitive, social-behavioral, and adaptive functioning in preschool children with mild to moderate kidney disease.","volume":"37","author":"Hooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi241613r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000221","article-title":"Executive functioning in children, adolescents, and young adults with chronic kidney disease.","volume":"36","author":"Hooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07050717","article-title":"Serum bicarbonate concentration and cognitive function in hypertensive adults.","volume":"13","author":"Dobre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241613r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04507-5","article-title":"Bicarbonate, blood pressure, and executive function in pediatric CKD-is there a link?","volume":"35","author":"Harshman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241613r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3425-2","article-title":"Association of blood pressure variability and neurocognition in children with chronic kidney disease.","volume":"31","author":"Lande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42540-8","article-title":"A canonical trajectory of executive function maturation from adolescence to adulthood.","volume":"14","author":"Tervo-Clemmens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"zoi241613r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116450","article-title":"Harmonization of large MRI datasets for the analysis of brain imaging patterns throughout the lifespan.","volume":"208","author":"Pomponio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241613r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000381","article-title":"Functional brain networks develop from a \u201clocal to distributed\u201d organization.","volume":"5","author":"Fair","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241613r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.01.014","article-title":"Development of top-down cortical propagations in youth.","volume":"111","author":"Pines","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"zoi241613r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050258","article-title":"The theory and neuroscience of cerebellar cognition.","volume":"42","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi241613r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.082","article-title":"Triple representation of language, working memory, social and emotion processing in the cerebellum: convergent evidence from task and seed-based resting-state fMRI analyses in a single large cohort.","volume":"172","author":"Guell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0511-x","article-title":"Consensus paper: the cerebellum\u2019s role in movement and cognition.","volume":"13","author":"Koziol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09465-1","article-title":"Cerebellar-subcortical-cortical systems as modulators of cognitive functions.","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"zoi241613r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.034","article-title":"Structural brain correlates of cognitive function in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.","volume":"132","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01203-w","article-title":"Early pediatric chronic kidney disease is associated with brain volumetric gray matter abnormalities.","volume":"89","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.11.024","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in children and young adults with CKD.","volume":"72","author":"Hartung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.047","article-title":"Age- and sex-dependent clinical equations to estimate glomerular filtration rates in children and young adults with chronic kidney disease.","volume":"99","author":"Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22176","article-title":"PROMO: Real-time prospective motion correction in MRI using image-based tracking.","volume":"63","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.047","article-title":"Fully automated analysis using BRAINS: AutoWorkup.","volume":"54","author":"Pierson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.143","article-title":"Multi-atlas segmentation with joint label fusion.","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest.","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045","article-title":"A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum.","volume":"46","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"zoi241613r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00356","article-title":"The power-proportion method for intracranial volume correction in volumetric imaging analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.10.008","article-title":"Sex differences in the adolescent brain.","volume":"72","author":"Lenroot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence.","volume":"36","author":"Lenroot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241613r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06460710","article-title":"Pediatric GFR estimating equations applied to adolescents in the general population.","volume":"6","author":"Fadrowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"zoi241613r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.11.006","article-title":"Global and regional white matter fractional anisotropy in children with chronic kidney disease.","volume":"242","author":"van der Plas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241613r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05276-5","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in children and young adults with severe chronic kidney disease.","volume":"37","author":"Lijdsman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241613r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/35081558","article-title":"Genetic regulation of cerebellar development.","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.016","article-title":"The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism.","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46398-2","article-title":"Population-wide cerebellar growth models of children and adolescents.","volume":"15","author":"Gaiser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0715-3","article-title":"The cerebellum and neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"15","author":"Stoodley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"zoi241613r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.072","article-title":"Typical development of basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum from age 7 to 24.","volume":"96","author":"Wierenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-022-00193-5","article-title":"The shifting role of the cerebellum in executive, emotional and social processing across the lifespan.","volume":"18","author":"Beuriat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241613r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/09084281003708944","article-title":"Executive functions in children with traumatic brain injury.","volume":"17","author":"Horton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241613r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32801080e8","article-title":"Disorders of cerebellar growth and development.","volume":"18","author":"Limperopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.3.367","article-title":"Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome.","volume":"16","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"zoi241613r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.561","article-title":"The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome.","volume":"121","author":"Schmahmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"zoi241613r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050258","article-title":"The theory and neuroscience of cerebellar cognition.","volume":"42","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241613r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0436-x","article-title":"Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery.","volume":"22","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241613r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.09.016","article-title":"Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning.","volume":"56","author":"Ridderinkhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411430832","article-title":"Motivational salience:amygdala tuning from traits, needs, values, and goals.","volume":"21","author":"Cunningham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi241613r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.131","article-title":"Toward a conceptual framework for early brain and behavior development in autism.","volume":"22","author":"Piven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-23-458","article-title":"Characterization of brain development with neuroimaging in a female mouse model of chemotherapy treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.","volume":"13","author":"Gandy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241613r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-022-00754-2","article-title":"Meta-analytic connectivity modelling of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"17","author":"Goodwill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi241613r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2000.tb01004.x","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors: impact and clinical management.","volume":"13","author":"Bechstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241613r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22430","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of prematurity: normal brain development and the impact of preterm birth.","volume":"28","author":"Ortinau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241613r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00810111","article-title":"Casual blood pressure and neurocognitive function in children with chronic kidney disease: a report of the children with chronic kidney disease cohort study.","volume":"6","author":"Lande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi241613r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016101108","article-title":"Genomic disorders and neurocognitive impairment in pediatric CKD.","volume":"28","author":"Verbitsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi241613r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00742-9","article-title":"The genetics and pathogenesis of CAKUT.","volume":"19","author":"Kolvenbach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi241613r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.2014.0043","article-title":"Expression of Pax2 protein during the formation of the central nervous system in human embryos.","volume":"73","author":"Namm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2012.01332.x","article-title":"Nuclear translocation of FGF8 and its implication to induce Sprouty2.","volume":"54","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Growth Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi241613r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2039-x","article-title":"Renal hypoplasia: lessons from Pax2.","volume":"21","author":"Dziarmaga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33133","article-title":"PAX2 mutations in fetal renal hypodysplasia.","volume":"152A","author":"Martinovic-Bouriel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi241613r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2015.01.007","article-title":"The significance of Pax2 expression in the ureter epithelium of children with vesicoureteric reflux.","volume":"46","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi241613r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-014-0096-1","article-title":"PAX2 polymorphisms and congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract in a Brazilian pediatric population: evidence for a role in vesicoureteral reflux.","volume":"18","author":"de Miranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi241613r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021529","article-title":"Vesicoureteral reflux and other urinary tract malformations in mice compound heterozygous for Pax2 and Emx2.","volume":"6","author":"Boualia","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi241613r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F245","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00186.2011","article-title":"Role of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in kidney development.","volume":"301","author":"Bates","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"zoi241613r28","volume-title":"Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF)","author":"Gioia","year":"2000"},{"key":"zoi241613r49","volume-title":"Fiber pathways of the brain","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2009"},{"key":"zoi241613r1","unstructured":"North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies. Annual transplant report. 2014. Accessed December 23, 2024. https:\/\/naprtcs.org\/system\/files\/2014_Annual_Transplant_Report.pdf"},{"key":"zoi241613r27","unstructured":"Hollingshead? AB. Four factor index of social status. 1975. Accessed December 23, 2024. https:\/\/artlesstanzim.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/hollinghead-four-factors-2.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2829829\/van_der_plas_2025_oi_241613_1738185896.66902.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T16:01:02Z","timestamp":1738598462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2829829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57601","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]}}}