{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:24:18Z","timestamp":1793057058157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n The association of digital screen time with myopia has been documented, but the dose-response association and safe exposure threshold remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the dose-response association of time spent on digital screens with myopia risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for full-length articles from peer-reviewed journals without restrictions on study design, publication date, or language from inception to November 25, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n Primary research articles investigating the association of exposure to digital screen devices (ie, smartphones, tablets, game consoles, computers, or television) with myopia-related outcomes (ie, prevalent or incident myopia and the rate of myopia progression) were identified by reviewers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Extraction and Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n Two independent reviewers extracted data using a standardized procedure in accordance with the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. A random-effects, dose-response meta-analysis (DRMA) was utilized to examine the pattern of the association of screen time with myopia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Increased odds of myopia per hour of daily screen time.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In the linear DRMA of 45 studies with 335\u202f524 participants (mean [SD] age, 9.3 [4.3] years), an additional hour of daily screen time was associated with higher odds of myopia (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.13-1.30). The nonlinear DRMA of 34 studies with 314\u202f910 participants also indicated higher odds of myopia with increasing screen time, ranging from 1 hour of daily exposure (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09) to 4 hours (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.56-2.40). The dose-response curve showed myopia risk increasing significantly between 1 to 4 hours of daily screen time, and then rising more gradually after 4 hours.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this systematic review and DRMA, a daily 1-hour increment in digital screen time was associated with 21% higher odds of myopia and the dose-response pattern exhibited a sigmoidal shape, indicating a potential safety threshold of less than 1 hour per day of exposure, with an increase in odds up to 4 hours. These findings can offer guidance to clinicians and researchers regarding myopia risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.60026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T11:32:20Z","timestamp":1740137540000},"page":"e2460026","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Digital Screen Time and Myopia"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ahnul","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju-si, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju-si, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 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