{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:40:48Z","timestamp":1793418048445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250033-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>High-quality, person-centered patient-clinician communication is critical in health care and may be less effective for patients with serious illness. Little is understood about differences in patient-clinician communication experiences of adults with and without serious illness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250033-5\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether perceptions of patient-clinician communication experiences differ between adults with and without serious illness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250033-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>This population-based cross-sectional survey was fielded from April 20 to May 31, 2021, and data were analyzed from January 27, 2023, to December 10, 2024. Participants included a nationally representative sample of US English- or Spanish-speaking adults, including people from historically marginalized groups (eg, Black and Hispanic or Latino individuals, people with low income), responding to an online or telephone survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250033-7\"><jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were categorized by serious illness status. Participants with serious illness replied yes to (1) having a diagnosis from a list of medical conditions and (2) reporting feeling sicker or having decreased functionality during the last year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250033-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey asked about community partner\u2013derived measures of patient-clinician communication experiences, including trusting clinicians, feeling afraid to speak up, and being unsure about next steps. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of serious illness with these communication experiences, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Percentages were weighted according to the National Opinion Research Center\u2019s statistical weighting methods to account for differences in nonresponse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250033-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 6126 individuals invited, 1847 (30.2%) completed the survey and were included in analysis (mean [SD] age, 48.4 [17.5] years); 950 (51.8%) identified as female; 191 (11.9%) identified as Black and 287 (16.7%) as Hispanic; and 434 (17.8%) had an annual income less than $30 000 (here called low income). Among respondents, 363 participants (18.5%) had serious illness (mean [SD] age, 50.2 [18.1] years; 218 [64.5%] female; 34 [12.4%] Black; 54 [16.4%] Hispanic; 131 [27.3%] with low income), and 1484 (81.5%) had no serious illness (mean [SD] age, 48.0 [17.4] years; 732 [48.9%] female; 157 [11.8%] Black; 233 [16.7%] Hispanic; 303 [15.6%] with low income). Compared with adults without serious illness, adults with serious illness were more likely to report leaving a visit unsure about next steps (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.30; 95% CI, 1.62-3.27); being afraid to ask questions or speak up (AOR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.55-3.08); believing they were talked down to or made to feel inferior (AOR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.24-2.91); and believing that they were treated unfairly by clinicians (AOR, 3.26; 95% CI, 2.43-4.38).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250033-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, adults with serious illness more often had worse patient-clinician communication experiences. Further research is needed to better understand and develop interventions to improve perceptions of patient-clinician communication experiences for adults with serious illness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T15:00:53Z","timestamp":1741618853000},"page":"e250365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Perceptions of Patient-Clinician Communication Among Adults With and Without Serious Illness"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Carine","family":"Davila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Palliative Care and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Center for Aging and Serious Illness, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie H.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Coalition for Serious Illness Care, Boston"},{"name":"Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Feltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Research Partners LLC, Harvard, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Flowetik, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gosline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Coalition for Serious Illness Care, Boston"},{"name":"Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zamawa","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flowetik, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Kavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Coalition for Serious Illness Care, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Paladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Palliative Care and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Center for Aging and Serious Illness, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay A.","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Palliative Care and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Palliative Care and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Center for Aging and Serious Illness, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sudore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Palliative Care and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Center for Aging and Serious Illness, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Lindenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Palliative Care and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250033r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.5271","article-title":"Communication about serious illness care goals: a review and synthesis of best practices.","volume":"174","author":"Bernacki","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"S2","key":"zoi250033r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0548","article-title":"Identifying the population with serious illness: the \u201cdenominator\u201d challenge.","volume":"21","author":"Kelley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250033r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.023","article-title":"A novel website to prepare diverse older adults for decision making and advance care planning: a pilot study.","volume":"47","author":"Sudore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250033r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48550","article-title":"Online forums as a tool for broader inclusion of voices on health care communication experiences and serious illness care: mixed methods study.","volume":"25","author":"Davila","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250033r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2022.2099819","article-title":"Communication quality analysis: a user-friendly observational measure of patient-clinician communication.","volume":"16","author":"Van Scoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Methods Meas"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250033r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.02.001","article-title":"Measuring patient-centered communication in patient-physician consultations: theoretical and practical issues.","volume":"61","author":"Epstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250033r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10905.x","article-title":"The relative importance of physician communication, participatory decision making, and patient understanding in diabetes self-management.","volume":"17","author":"Heisler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250033r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198903001-00010","article-title":"Assessing the effects of physician-patient interactions on the outcomes of chronic disease.","volume":"27","author":"Kaplan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250033r13","first-page":"796","article-title":"The impact of patient-centered care on outcomes.","volume":"49","author":"Stewart","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250033r14","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review.","volume":"152","author":"Stewart","year":"1995","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250033r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09869-8","article-title":"Quality communication can improve patient-centred health outcomes among older patients: a rapid review.","volume":"23","author":"Sharkiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250033r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(12)70087-5","article-title":"Patient-centred communication is associated with positive therapeutic alliance: a systematic review.","volume":"58","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250033r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-745OC","article-title":"Patient and clinician characteristics associated with adherence: a cohort study of veterans with incidental pulmonary nodules.","volume":"13","author":"Moseson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250033r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.05.539","article-title":"What counts as \u201cgood\u201d clinical communication in the coronavirus disease 2019 era and beyond?: ditching checklists for juggling communication goals.","volume":"158","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"S2","key":"zoi250033r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0459","article-title":"Achieving goal-concordant care: a conceptual model and approach to measuring serious illness communication and its impact.","volume":"21","author":"Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250033r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2013.03.004","article-title":"Shared decision making: moving from theorization to applied research and hopefully to clinical practice.","volume":"91","author":"L\u00e9gar\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250033r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1109283","article-title":"Shared decision making\u2014pinnacle of patient-centered care.","volume":"366","author":"Barry","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250033r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.18.00019","article-title":"Lessons in integrating shared decision-making into cancer care.","volume":"14","author":"Steffensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250033r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X14551638","article-title":"Where is the evidence? a systematic review of shared decision making and patient outcomes.","volume":"35","author":"Shay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250033r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-112068","article-title":"Shared decision-making as a method of care.","volume":"28","author":"Montori","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"key":"zoi250033r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dialog.2023.100153","article-title":"Patient engagement with psychological safety.","volume":"3","author":"Fukami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dialogues Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250033r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5648","article-title":"Stronger therapeutic alliance is associated with better quality of life among patients with advanced cancer.","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"zoi250033r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S145942","article-title":"Healthcare provider relational quality is associated with better self-management and less treatment burden in people with multiple chronic conditions.","volume":"11","author":"Eton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"zoi250033r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S371162","article-title":"Interventions incorporating therapeutic alliance to improve medication adherence in Black patients with diabetes, hypertension and kidney disease: a systematic review.","volume":"16","author":"Desta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250033r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.1499","article-title":"Strength of the genetic counselor: patient relationship is associated with extent of increased empowerment in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.","volume":"31","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Genet Couns"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250033r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2304436","article-title":"Navigating and communicating about serious illness and end of life.","volume":"390","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250033r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00013","article-title":"Understanding and addressing the role of coping in palliative care for patients with advanced cancer.","volume":"38","author":"Greer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250033r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23695","article-title":"Shifting to serious illness communication.","volume":"327","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250033r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-023-01229-x","article-title":"Improving serious illness communication: a qualitative study of clinical culture.","volume":"22","author":"Paladino","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"zoi250033r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052973","article-title":"\u201cI am treated well if I adhere to my HIV medication\u201d: putting patient-provider interactions in context through insights from qualitative research in five sub-Saharan African countries.","volume":"93","author":"Ondenge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250033r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.08.021","article-title":"Challenges to shared decision making about treatment of advanced CKD: a qualitative study of patients and clinicians.","volume":"79","author":"House","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250033r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-021-00432-2","article-title":"The doctor as parent, partner, provider\u2026 or comrade? distribution of power in past and present models of the doctor-patient relationship.","volume":"29","author":"Shutzberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Care Anal"},{"key":"zoi250033r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066720","article-title":"Presenting complaint: use of language that disempowers patients.","volume":"377","author":"Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250033r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06740-6","article-title":"The presence and potential impact of psychological safety in the healthcare setting: an evidence synthesis.","volume":"21","author":"Grailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250033r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10112258","article-title":"Effects of inclusive leadership on quality of care: the mediating role of psychological safety climate and perceived workgroup inclusion.","volume":"10","author":"Yousaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250033r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/HMR.0000000000000338","article-title":"How psychological safety and feeling heard relate to burnout and adaptation amid uncertainty.","volume":"47","author":"Kerrissey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Care Manage Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250033r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011694","article-title":"Experiences of long-term life-limiting conditions among patients and carers: what can we learn from a meta-review of systematic reviews of qualitative studies of chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease?","volume":"6","author":"May","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250033r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.3180","article-title":"Impairment and disability identity and perceptions of trust, respect, and fairness.","volume":"4","author":"Salinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi250033r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0374","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in advance care planning: results of a statewide population-based survey.","volume":"21","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250033r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21746","article-title":"Perspectives about racism and patient-clinician communication among Black adults with serious illness.","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi250033r53","first-page":"2611","article-title":"Presence for racial justice: disrupting racism through physician-patient communication.","volume":"20","author":"Baratta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"zoi250033r2","volume-title":"Addressing Key End of Life Issues; Institute of Medicine. Dying in America: Improving Quality and Honoring Individual Preferences Near the End of Life","author":"Committee on Approaching Death","year":"2015"},{"key":"zoi250033r5","volume-title":"Closing the Quality Gap: A Critical Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies","author":"McDonald"},{"key":"zoi250033r9","volume-title":"Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century","author":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Quality of Health Care in America","year":"2001"},{"key":"zoi250033r25","volume-title":"Shared Decision-Making in Health Care: Achieving Evidence-Based Patient Choice","author":"Edwards","year":"2009","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"zoi250033r34","volume-title":"Doing Qualitative Research","author":"Crabtree","year":"1992"},{"key":"zoi250033r4","unstructured":"Schneider? E, Abrams? M, Shah? A, Lewis? C, Shah? T. Health care in America: the experience of people with serious illness. October 2018. Accessed July 21, 2023. https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-10\/Schneider_HealthCareinAmerica.pdf"},{"key":"zoi250033r24","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The SHARE approach\u2014achieving patient-centered care with shared decisionmaking: a brief for administrators and practice leaders. Updated September 2020. Accessed June 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/health-literacy\/professional-training\/shared-decision\/tool\/resource-9.html"},{"key":"zoi250033r29","unstructured":"NORC at the University of Chicago. Accessed April 26, 2023. https:\/\/www.norc.org\/"},{"key":"zoi250033r30","unstructured":"AmeriSpeak is NORC at the University of Chicago\u2019s panel-based research platform. Accessed April 26, 2023. https:\/\/amerispeak.norc.org\/"},{"key":"zoi250033r31","unstructured":"Technical overview of the AmeriSpeak panel: NORC\u2019S probability-based household panel. Updated February 8, 2022. Accessed April 26, 2023. https:\/\/amerispeak.norc.org\/content\/dam\/amerispeak\/research\/pdf\/AmeriSpeak%20Technical%20Overview%202019%2002%2018.pdf"},{"key":"zoi250033r32","unstructured":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. HHS implementation guidance on data collection standards for race, ethnicity, sex, primary language, and disability status. October 30, 2011. Accessed April 12, 2023. https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/reports\/hhs-implementation-guidance-data-collection-standards-race-ethnicity-sex-primary-language-disability"},{"key":"zoi250033r33","unstructured":"CDC. Disability Health and Data System. Updated December 18, 2024. Accessed January 29, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dhds\/datasets\/?CDC_AAref_Val="}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2831183\/davila_2025_oi_250033_1740757243.48508.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T15:01:01Z","timestamp":1741618861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2831183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0365","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}