{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:29:33Z","timestamp":1792463373896,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Personal and professional development are integral to students\u2019 professional identity formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>To examine the association between race, ethnicity, family income, and growing up in an underresourced neighborhood with perception of medical school support of professional and personal development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>Retrospective cross-sectional study using deidentified data of medical graduates who completed the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire in 2018 to 2022. Statistical analysis was performed from October 1 to November 1, 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Perception of medical school support of professional and personal development. Multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association of family income, race, ethnicity, and underresourced neighborhood status with perception of medical school support of professional and personal development during medical school, adjusting for students\u2019 sex, age at graduation in quartiles, and clustered by school to account for school-to-school variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among 66\u202f898 respondents in the study cohort, 34\u202f731 identified as female (51.9%), 14\u202f100 as Asian (21.1%), 3594 as Black or African American (5.4%), 3419 as Hispanic (5.1%), and 38\u202f483 as White (57.5%). The mean (SD) age of respondents was 27.5 (2.6) years and 10\u202f088 were from households with incomes less than $50\u202f000 a year (15.1%). Students from families with incomes in the lowest 2 quintiles were significantly less likely to report medical school support of professional and personal development than students from household incomes of more than $200\u202f000 (less than $50\u202f000: 69.5% vs 75.1%; relative risk [RR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.98; $50\u202f000-$74\u202f999: 71.0% vs 75.1%; RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.98). Compared with White students, Asian students (aRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.98) and Black students (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99) were less likely to report medical school support of professional development, and Black students were less likely to report medical school support of personal development (aRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.97). Compared with their peers, students who reported growing up in an underresourced neighborhood were significantly less likely to report medical school support of professional and personal development. Intersectionality analysis of family income, race, ethnicity, and underresourced neighborhood status suggested that perception of medical school support of professional and personal development decreased with increasing number of minoritized identities, with students who were URIM, from a low-income family, and reported growing up in underresourced neighborhoods the least likely to report medical school support of professional and personal development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cross-sectional study of medical graduates, students who were URIM, low-income, and students who reported growing up in underresourced neighborhood were significantly less likely to report medical school support of professional and personal development. It is therefore critical for medical schools and accreditation bodies to evaluate current curriculum and practices to foster professional and personal development that are equitable for all students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.11063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T15:30:53Z","timestamp":1747409453000},"page":"e2511063","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Medical School Support of Students\u2019 Professional and Personal Development by Sociodemographic Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mytien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyacinth R. C.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Student Affairs and Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonya","family":"Fancher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarwat I.","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody L.","family":"Tran-Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Havemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruthi","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dowin","family":"Boatright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250383r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10730-012-9197-6","article-title":"Professional identity formation in medical education: the convergence of multiple domains.","volume":"24","author":"Holden","year":"2012","journal-title":"HEC Forum"},{"key":"zoi250383r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15399","article-title":"A scoping review and theory-informed conceptual model of professional identity formation in medical education.","author":"Sarraf-Yazdi","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250383r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03393-9","article-title":"Professional identity formation of medical students: a mixed-methods study in a hierarchical and collectivist culture.","volume":"22","author":"Findyartini","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"zoi250383r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_329_22","article-title":"Developing professional identity among undergraduate medical students in a competency-based curriculum: educators\u2019 perspective.","volume":"11","author":"Krishnasamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250383r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.03.040","article-title":"Does a measure of medical professional identity formation predict communication skills performance?","volume":"104","author":"Kalet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250383r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000700","article-title":"A schematic representation of the professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents: a guide for medical educators.","volume":"90","author":"Cruess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250383r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3182a34b05","article-title":"\u201cI am a doctor\u201d: negotiating the discourses of standardization and diversity in professional identity construction.","volume":"88","author":"Frost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250383r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3182604968","article-title":"Competency is not enough: integrating identity formation into the medical education discourse.","volume":"87","author":"Jarvis-Selinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"11S","key":"zoi250383r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004263","article-title":"\u201cWhen no one sees you as Black\u201d: the effect of racial violence on black trainees and physicians.","volume":"96","author":"Wyatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250383r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.20673","article-title":"The role of professional identity in graduate school success for under-represented minority students.","volume":"41","author":"Kim-Prieto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Educ"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi250383r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.14930","article-title":"Temporal trends in childhood household income among medical school applicants and matriculants-reply.","volume":"330","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250383r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.2822","article-title":"Association of racial and ethnic identity with attrition from MD-PhD training programs.","volume":"183","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"zoi250383r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07458-9","article-title":"Association of sex and ethnoracial identities with attrition from medical school.","volume":"37","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250383r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.2194","article-title":"Association of sociodemographic characteristics with US medical student attrition.","volume":"182","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"8S","key":"zoi250383r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005253","article-title":"The long shadow: a historical perspective on racism in medical education.","volume":"98","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"zoi250383r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-065984","article-title":"Marginalized identities, mistreatment, discrimination, and burnout among US medical students: cross sectional survey and retrospective cohort study.","volume":"376","author":"Teshome","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250383r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0030","article-title":"Assessment of the prevalence of medical student mistreatment by sex, race\/ethnicity, and sexual orientation.","volume":"180","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250383r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2351046","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.51046","article-title":"Medical student burnout by race, ethnicity, and multiple disability status.","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250383r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220115","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0115","article-title":"Perceptions on burnout and the medical school learning environment of medical students who are underrepresented in medicine.","volume":"5","author":"O\u2019Marr","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250383r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2439727","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.39727","article-title":"Racial and ethnic discrimination and medical students\u2019 identity formation.","volume":"7","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250383r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e641","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2012.687476","article-title":"The formation of professional identity in medical students: considerations for educators.","volume":"34","author":"Goldie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250383r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01596-z","article-title":"Professional identity and sense of coherence affect the between compassion fatigue and work engagement among Chinese hospital nurses.","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250383r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240001","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0001","article-title":"Development of a tool to measure student perceptions of equity and inclusion in medical schools.","volume":"7","author":"Boatright","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi250383r24","volume-title":"Students Abroad, Strangers at Home: Education for a Global Society","author":"Kauffmann","year":"1992"},{"key":"zoi250383r25","volume-title":"Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity","author":"Wenger","year":"1999"},{"key":"zoi250383r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674039414","volume-title":"The Evolving Self: Problem and Process in Human Development","author":"Kegan","year":"1982"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2834201\/nguyen_2025_oi_250383_1746804853.40103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T15:30:55Z","timestamp":1747409455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2834201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.11063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}