{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:34:08Z","timestamp":1793975648227,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Hypertension contributes to US maternal-infant morbidity and mortality, with potential attenuation from breastfeeding. Little is known regarding breastfeeding outcomes among mother-infant dyads exposed to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To quantify the extent to which HDP is associated with never breastfeeding and the time to breastfeeding cessation among postpartum women in the US.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study used nationally representative data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). Participants included women from 43 US states, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico who had a live birth between January 2016 and November 2022. Complete data for HDP exposure, outcomes of breastfeeding noninitiation or cessation, and all covariates were included in the analysis, performed from October to December 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Self-reported high blood pressure or hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia before or during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Odds of never breastfeeding, hazard of breastfeeding cessation, and median time to breastfeeding cessation, adjusted for sociodemographic and maternal-infant health covariates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 205\u202f247 women (weighted number, 10\u202f915\u202f302), mean (SD) age was 30.0 (5.8) years; 99.0% were first-time mothers; 54.0% had private and 40.0% had Medicaid insurance; and 91.0% delivered a term infant. HDP and breastfeeding initiation were reported by approximately 17.0% and 88.0% of women, respectively. Adjusting for covariates, HDP was associated with higher odds of never breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.18), and among those who breastfed, a higher adjusted hazard of breastfeeding cessation (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.14-1.21). The median time to breastfeeding cessation among those with HDP was 17 weeks shorter than among those without HDP (unadjusted median duration, 17 [IQR, 5.0 to &amp;gt;46.7] vs 34 [IQR, 9.0 to &amp;gt;46.7] weeks).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional study representing more than 10 million US postpartum women, HDP was associated with higher odds of never breastfeeding and a higher hazard of breastfeeding cessation. Studies to understand the potential mechanisms of this association are required to develop targeted breastfeeding support strategies for individuals with HDP.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.21902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T15:30:52Z","timestamp":1752852652000},"page":"e2521902","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Among US Women"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Deanna","family":"Nardella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen E.","family":"Canavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy and Effectiveness Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"zoi250645r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7117a1","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and mortality at delivery hospitalization\u2014United States, 2017-2019.","volume":"71","author":"Ford","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"zoi250645r5","first-page":"1248","article-title":"US maternal mortality continues to worsen.","volume":"329","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.9043","article-title":"Trends in state-level maternal mortality by racial and ethnic group in the United States.","volume":"330","author":"Fleszar","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250645r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.16991","article-title":"Screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force final recommendation statement.","volume":"330","author":"Barry","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250645r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R521","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00218.2017","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and stroke in postpartum women and their fetuses after a hypertensive pregnancy.","volume":"315","author":"Cunningham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003497","article-title":"Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9762-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in women with pre-eclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7627","key":"zoi250645r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.385301.BE","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"335","author":"Bellamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250645r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.06.042","article-title":"Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia\/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses.","volume":"156","author":"McDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250645r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01513","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and cardiometabolic health in adolescent offspring.","volume":"62","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250645r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003906","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and offspring cardiac structure and function in adolescence.","volume":"5","author":"Timpka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020452","article-title":"Early preeclampsia effect on preterm newborns outcome.","volume":"11","author":"Matyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.538025","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia is associated with increased risk of stroke in the adult offspring: the Helsinki birth cohort study.","volume":"40","author":"Kajantie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250645r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad366","article-title":"Management of cardiac and cardiovascular dysfunction postpartum should include support to initiate and continue breastfeeding.","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250645r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7894","article-title":"Postpartum breastfeeding and cardiovascular risk assessment in women following pregnancy complications.","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"zoi250645r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101693","article-title":"Breastfeeding duration and subsequent risk of mortality among US women: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250645r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7863","article-title":"Lactation and maternal subclinical atherosclerosis among women with and without a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.","volume":"29","author":"Countouris","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250645r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr227","article-title":"Duration of lactation and incidence of maternal hypertension: a longitudinal cohort study.","volume":"174","author":"Stuebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi250645r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071715-051213","article-title":"Lactation and maternal cardio-metabolic health.","volume":"36","author":"Perrine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250645r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0116","article-title":"Breastfeeding and maternal hypertension and diabetes: a population-based cross-sectional study.","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.022746","article-title":"Breastfeeding is associated with a reduced maternal cardiovascular risk: systematic review and meta-analysis involving data from 8 studies and 1 192 700 parous women.","volume":"11","author":"Tschiderer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"zoi250645r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.06.014","article-title":"Breastfeeding and later maternal risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease\u2014the role of overall and abdominal obesity.","volume":"114","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250645r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026696","article-title":"Breastfeeding and later-life cardiometabolic health in women with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.","volume":"12","author":"Magnus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-021-00391-3","article-title":"Association between breastfeeding and preeclampsia in parous women: a case-control study.","volume":"16","author":"Adam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250645r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.05.015","article-title":"Associations between breastfeeding and post-perinatal infant deaths in the US.","volume":"65","author":"Ware","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250645r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2019.0067","article-title":"Associations between breastfeeding initiation and infant mortality in an urban population.","volume":"14","author":"Ware","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-023-00581-1","article-title":"Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risks of central obesity and hypertension in young school-aged children: a large, population-based study.","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.09.010","article-title":"Breastfeeding and health outcomes for the mother-infant dyad.","volume":"60","author":"Dieterich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"15","key":"zoi250645r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019067","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the first days of life is associated with lower blood pressure at 3 years of age.","volume":"10","author":"Miliku","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-023-00571-3","article-title":"The association of breast feeding for at least six months with hemodynamic and metabolic health of women and their children aged three years: an observational cohort study.","volume":"18","author":"Pathirana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001311","article-title":"Committee opinion No. 658 summary: optimizing support for breastfeeding as part of obstetric practice.","volume":"127","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Obstetric Practice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057988","article-title":"Policy statement: breastfeeding and the use of human milk.","volume":"150","author":"Meek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250645r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2012.0103","article-title":"Surgeon General\u2019s call to action to support breastfeeding: significant actions in the first year.","volume":"7","author":"Grummer-Strawn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416663196","article-title":"Early lactation and infant feeding practices differ by maternal gestational diabetes history.","volume":"32","author":"Oza-Frank","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014000792","article-title":"Differences in breast-feeding initiation and continuation by maternal diabetes status.","volume":"18","author":"Oza-Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0112","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus reduces breastfeeding duration: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250645r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2024.0192","article-title":"Women with gestational diabetes mellitus have greater formula supplementation in the hospital and at home despite intention to exclusively breastfeed.","volume":"19","author":"Doughty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01356-w","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and breastfeeding among women of different races\/ethnicities: evidence from the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring surveys.","volume":"10","author":"Hebert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2011.0007","article-title":"Timing of stage II lactogenesis is predicted by antenatal metabolic health in a cohort of primiparas.","volume":"7","author":"Nommsen-Rivers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250645r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.35136","article-title":"Preconception HbA1c levels in adolescents and young adults and adverse birth outcomes.","volume":"7","author":"McCarthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.4942","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and duration among US children, 1999 to 2018.","volume":"178","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250645r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2005.099","article-title":"Breast-feeding in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.","volume":"33","author":"Leeners","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi250645r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14378","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and breastfeeding practices: a secondary analysis of data from the All Our Families Cohort.","volume":"101","author":"Horsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03069-0","article-title":"Lactation patterns in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: an analysis of Illinois 2012-2015 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data.","volume":"25","author":"Burgess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250645r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1178-5","article-title":"Outcomes and factors associated with breastfeeding for <8 weeks among preterm infants: findings from 6 states and NYC, 2004-2007.","volume":"17","author":"Mulready-Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250645r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304563","article-title":"The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS): overview of design and methodology.","volume":"108","author":"Shulman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"zoi250645r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114192","article-title":"Quantifying the association between pump use and breastfeeding duration.","volume":"274","author":"Nardella","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi250645r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1256432","article-title":"Rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration in the United States: data insights from the 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.","volume":"11","author":"Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi250645r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021a1","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding initiation-United States, 2019.","volume":"70","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13093","article-title":"Meeting breastfeeding intentions differ by race\/ethnicity, Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2.","volume":"17","author":"Hamner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"zoi250645r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd20.230199","article-title":"Disaggregation of breastfeeding initiation rates by race and ethnicity\u2014United States, 2020-2021.","volume":"20","author":"Marks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.6971","article-title":"Odds ratios\u2014current best practice and use.","volume":"320","author":"Norton","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250645r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2295-3412","article-title":"Predictors of breastfeeding among women admitted with severe preeclampsia before 34 weeks.","volume":"41","author":"Grundy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"zoi250645r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1753","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1753","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies.","volume":"353","author":"Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1693-5","article-title":"Delayed lactogenesis II and potential utility of antenatal milk expression in women developing late-onset preeclampsia: a case series.","volume":"18","author":"Demirci","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.03.035","article-title":"Delayed onset lactogenesis II predicts the cessation of any or exclusive breastfeeding.","volume":"161","author":"Brownell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi250645r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S452108","article-title":"Factors influencing delayed onset of lactogenesis: a scoping review.","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250645r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2021.0292","article-title":"Measures of maternal metabolic health as predictors of severely low milk production.","volume":"17","author":"Nommsen-Rivers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2015.0120","article-title":"A case control study of diabetes during pregnancy and low milk supply.","volume":"11","author":"Riddle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"zoi250645r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.09.010","article-title":"Mother\u2019s own milk biomarkers predict coming to volume in pump-dependent mothers of preterm infants.","volume":"228","author":"Hoban","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0159","article-title":"Milk volume at 2 weeks predicts mother\u2019s own milk feeding at neonatal intensive care unit discharge for very low birthweight infants.","volume":"13","author":"Hoban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi250645r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","article-title":"Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250645r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1850","article-title":"Trends in metabolic syndrome among US youth, from 1999 to 2018.","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi250645r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6516a1","article-title":"Reduced disparities in birth rates among teens aged 15-19 years\u2014United States, 2006-2007 and 2013-2014.","volume":"65","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: Final Data for 2021.","volume":"72","author":"Osterman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250645r82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.49243","article-title":"Racial and ethnic and rural variations in the use of hybrid prenatal care in the US.","volume":"7","author":"Hung","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250645r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.1404","article-title":"Racial and ethnic inequalities in actual vs nearest delivery hospitals.","volume":"8","author":"Boghossian","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2744-2","article-title":"Utilization of primary and obstetric care after medically complicated pregnancies: an analysis of medical claims data.","volume":"29","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi250645r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-024-03940-4","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study of disparities in urine drug testing during the perinatal period in an urban, academic medical center.","volume":"28","author":"Ganetsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250645r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.5565","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in out-of-pocket spending for maternity care.","volume":"6","author":"Gourevitch","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"zoi250645r87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.107857","article-title":"The role of breastfeeding support in racial\/ethnic disparities in breastfeeding practices.","volume":"179","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250645r88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0314","article-title":"Achieving breastfeeding equity and justice in Black communities: past, present, and future.","volume":"16","author":"Asiodu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250645r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.46486","article-title":"Trends in postpartum depression by race, ethnicity, and prepregnancy body mass index.","volume":"7","author":"Khadka","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250645r90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.42398","article-title":"Neighborhood disadvantage, race and ethnicity, and postpartum depression.","volume":"6","author":"Onyewuenyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"35","key":"zoi250645r91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7235e1","article-title":"Vital signs: maternity care experiences\u2014United States, April 2023.","volume":"72","author":"Mohamoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250645r92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13058","article-title":"Racism, bias, and discrimination as modifiable barriers to breastfeeding for African American women: a scoping review of the literature.","volume":"64","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250645r93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0307","article-title":"Racism and resistance: a qualitative study of bias as a barrier to breastfeeding.","volume":"16","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13428","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to exclusive breastfeeding among Black mothers: a qualitative study utilizing a modified Barrier Analysis approach.","volume":"19","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi250645r96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.02.005","article-title":"Moving beyond breastfeeding initiation: a qualitative study unpacking factors that influence infant feeding at hospital discharge among urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged women.","volume":"121","author":"Bookhart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0152","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding.","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01388-4","article-title":"Impact of breastfeeding interventions among United States minority women on breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review.","volume":"20","author":"Segura-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250645r99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.6807","article-title":"Addressing inequities in breastfeeding and beyond.","volume":"179","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250645r100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.6810","article-title":"Breastfeeding support provided by lactation consultants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"179","author":"D\u2019Hollander","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250645r101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2024.03.001","article-title":"United States doula programs and their outcomes: a scoping review to inform state-level policies.","volume":"34","author":"Alvarado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250645r102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1891\/J-PE-D-20-00037","article-title":"An integrative review: the role of the doula in breastfeeding initiation and duration.","volume":"30","author":"Acquaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinat Educ"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi250645r103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.27267","article-title":"Interventions to support breastfeeding: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.","volume":"333","author":"Patnode","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi250645r34","author":"Whaley","year":"2017"},{"key":"zoi250645r94","volume-title":"The Surgeon General\u2019s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding","author":"Office of the Surgeon General (US)","year":"2011"},{"key":"zoi250645r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyert? DL. Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2021. 2023. Accessed December 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/hestat\/maternal-mortality\/2021\/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:124678"},{"key":"zoi250645r3","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG). The Surgeon General\u2019s call to action to improve maternal health. US Department of Health and Human Services. December 2020. Accessed December 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK568220\/"},{"key":"zoi250645r4","unstructured":"Insights into the US maternal mortality crisis: an international comparison. June 4, 2024. Accessed December 4, 2024. https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/issue-briefs\/2024\/jun\/insights-us-maternal-mortality-crisis-international-comparison"},{"key":"zoi250645r6","unstructured":"Hill? L, Artiga? S, Published? UR. Racial disparities in maternal and infant health: current status and efforts to address them. KFF. November 1, 2022. Accessed December 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/issue-brief\/racial-disparities-in-maternal-and-infant-health-current-status-and-efforts-to-address-them\/"},{"key":"zoi250645r7","unstructured":"Maternal mortality in the United States: a primer. December 16, 2020. Accessed June 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/issue-brief-report\/2020\/dec\/maternal-mortality-united-states-primer"},{"key":"zoi250645r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ely? DM, Driscoll? AK. Infant mortality in the United States: provisional data from the 2022 period linked Birth\/Infant Death File. National Center for Health Statistics. November 2023. Accessed June 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/vsrr\/vsrr033.pdf","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:133699"},{"key":"zoi250645r38","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding report card: United States, 2022. November 3, 2023. Accessed June 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding-data\/media\/pdfs\/2024\/06\/2022-Breastfeeding-Report-Card-508.pdf"},{"key":"zoi250645r40","unstructured":"AAFP. Breastfeeding (policy statement). Accessed December 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/about\/policies\/all\/breastfeeding-policy-statement.html"},{"key":"zoi250645r43","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding. December 20, 2023. Accessed December 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infant-and-young-child-feeding"},{"key":"zoi250645r44","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Breastfeeding your baby. Updated July 2023. Accessed December 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.acog.org\/womens-health\/faqs\/breastfeeding-your-baby"},{"key":"zoi250645r53","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy-related deaths: data from maternal mortality review committees from 38 U.S. States, 2020. May 28, 2024. Accessed June 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/maternal-mortality\/php\/data-research\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi250645r58","unstructured":"Krupakar? S. The association between hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and breastfeeding initiation and duration: results from the 2007-2009 North Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. UNC Charlotte Electron Theses Diss. 2014. Accessed June 9, 2025. https:\/\/ninercommons.charlotte.edu\/record\/162?ln=en&v=pdf"},{"key":"zoi250645r60","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System: data methodology. Accessed June 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/prams\/php\/methodology\/index.htm"},{"key":"zoi250645r66","unstructured":"Revisions to OMB\u2019s Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: standards for maintaining, collecting, and presenting federal data on race and ethnicity. Office of Management and Budget. Fed Reg. March 29, 2024. Accessed June 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2024-03-29\/pdf\/2024-06469.pdf"},{"key":"zoi250645r81","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obesity: childhood obesity facts. April 2, 2024. Accessed December 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/childhood-obesity-facts\/childhood-obesity-facts.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2836562\/nardella_2025_oi_250645_1752169246.76582.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T15:30:55Z","timestamp":1752852655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2836562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.21902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}