{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:05:28Z","timestamp":1791338728665,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Although gaming disorder is recognized as a diagnosable behavioral addiction, uncertainty remains regarding its directional association with adolescent psychopathology. Clarifying this association is crucial for refining diagnostic frameworks and developing targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine directional longitudinal associations between psychopathology and gaming disorder among adolescents using the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model as a theoretical framework.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (release 5.1), analyzing 4289 adolescents in the US who played video games and completed 3 waves of data collection (at ages 11-12, 12-13, and 13-14 years) between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022. Statistical analysis was performed from December 2024 to March 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Psychopathology was assessed using caregiver reports from the Child Behavior Checklist, which provided measures of depression, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), social problems, anxiety, and conduct disorder or aggression. Additional person-centered core characteristics (eg, negative life events, family conflict, bullying, and impulsivity) were incorporated. Gaming disorder was measured using the Video Game Addiction Questionnaire, which aligns with the\n DSM-5<\/jats:italic>\n criteria for internet gaming disorder.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n This cohort comprised 4289 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 168.8 [8.2] months; 2391 of 4288 [56%] males). Household income varied widely, with 1374 of 3877 households (35%) reporting an income from $100\u202f000 to $199\u202f000. Cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) demonstrated that higher baseline levels of psychopathology were associated with an increased risk for subsequent gaming disorder from the 2-year to the 3-year follow-up (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.03 [95% CI, 0.002-0.06];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.003) and from 3-year to the 4-year follow-up (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.07 [95% CI, 0.04-0.10];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Even when controlling for other personal core characteristics associated with increased risk, there was still a small to medium effect size of psychopathology associated with gaming disorder from the 3-year to the 4-year follow-up (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.04 [95% CI, 0.002-0.07];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.04). In contrast, gaming disorder was not associated with later increases in psychopathology. Hierarchical mixed-effects models that accounted for both the panel structure and grouping of the data corroborated the results from the CLPMs.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n The results of this cohort study suggest that psychopathology is significantly associated with the development of gaming disorder among adolescents. Clinical efforts to address underlying mental health issues, particularly for internalizing symptoms such as depression, anxiety, social problems, and ADHD, may reduce the incidence and severity of gaming disorder.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.28532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T15:30:28Z","timestamp":1753803028000},"page":"e2528532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Psychopathology and Gaming Disorder in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kylie","family":"Falcione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Media Neuroscience Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Media Neuroscience Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara"},{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara"},{"name":"Division of Communication and Media, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"zoi250801r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Granic","journal-title":"Am Psychol","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034857"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250801r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619863807","article-title":"When and how video games can be good: a review of the positive effects of video games on well-being.","volume":"14","author":"Halbrook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"zoi250801r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00260","article-title":"Gaming well: links between videogames and flourishing mental health.","volume":"5","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003","article-title":"The adolescent brain.","volume":"28","author":"Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"zoi250801r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107183","article-title":"Prevalence of gaming disorder: a meta-analysis.","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250801r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420962851","article-title":"Global prevalence of gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"55","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250801r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040668","article-title":"Association between internet gaming disorder or pathological video-game use and comorbid psychopathology: a comprehensive review.","volume":"15","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Bueso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"zoi250801r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Brunborg","journal-title":"J Behav Addict","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9558-x","article-title":"The effects of pathological gaming on aggressive behavior.","volume":"40","author":"Lemmens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"zoi250801r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.823762"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250801r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128710362201","article-title":"Violent video games, catharsis seeking, bullying, and delinquency: a multivariate analysis of effects.","volume":"60","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crime Delinq"},{"key":"zoi250801r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.158","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder in male and female young adults: the role of alexithymia, depression, anxiety and gaming type.","volume":"272","author":"Bonnaire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"zoi250801r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.008","article-title":"Risk factors associated with online game addiction: a hierarchical model.","volume":"48","author":"Hyun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"zoi250801r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.014","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and depression in individuals with internet gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"284","author":"Ostinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1353","article-title":"Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study.","volume":"127","author":"Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250801r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12532","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies of Internet gaming disorder: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"71","author":"Mihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.07.015","article-title":"Psychosocial causes and consequences of pathological gaming.","volume":"27","author":"Lemmens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03104.x","article-title":"Online video game addiction: identification of addicted adolescent gamers.","volume":"106","author":"Van Rooij","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"zoi250801r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00154","article-title":"The comorbidity between internet gaming disorder and depression: interrelationship and neural mechanisms.","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi250801r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1098922","article-title":"Effective interventions for gaming disorder: a systematic review of randomized control trials.","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250801r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2021.0207","article-title":"A literature review on the efficacy and related neural effects of pharmacological and psychosocial treatments in individuals with internet gaming disorder.","volume":"18","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"zoi250801r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102343","article-title":"The emerging evidence on the association between symptoms of ADHD and gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"106","author":"Koncz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"zoi250801r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.008","article-title":"Predicting internet gaming disorder symptoms in young adolescents: a one-year follow-up study.","volume":"80","author":"Peeters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171800082X","article-title":"A longitudinal study on psychosocial causes and consequences of internet gaming disorder in adolescence.","volume":"49","author":"Wartberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"zoi250801r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.787162","article-title":"Depression and social anxiety predict internet use disorder symptoms in children and adolescents at 12-month follow-up: results from a longitudinal study.","volume":"12","author":"Leo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"zoi250801r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1043490","article-title":"The directionality of anxiety and gaming disorder: an exploratory analysis of longitudinal data from an Australian youth population.","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250801r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00339-3","article-title":"Gaming disorder across the lifespan: a scoping review of longitudinal studies.","volume":"7","author":"Richard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"zoi250801r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Jeong","journal-title":"J Behav Addict","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.74"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00016","article-title":"Depression and anxiety symptoms associated with internet gaming disorder before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study.","volume":"10","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02068-6","article-title":"Longitudinal dynamic relationships between videogame use and symptoms of gaming disorder and depression among Chinese children and adolescents.","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"zoi250801r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","article-title":"The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors.","volume":"104","author":"Brand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"zoi250801r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033","article-title":"Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.","volume":"71","author":"Brand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"zoi250801r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05000-6","article-title":"Negative life events and internet gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: a longitudinal moderated mediation analysis of maladaptive cognition and neuroticism.","author":"Jhang","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"zoi250801r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101150","article-title":"Youth screen use in the ABCD\u00ae study.","volume":"57","author":"Bagot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi250801r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00454","article-title":"Female gaming, gaming addiction, and the role of women within gaming culture: a narrative literature review.","volume":"10","author":"Lopez-Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi250801r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.976601","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of COVID-19 on the game addiction of children and adolescents.","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250801r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013341","article-title":"Emotion-based dispositions to rash action: positive and negative urgency.","volume":"134","author":"Cyders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-019-00126-w","article-title":"The association between internet gaming disorder and impulsivity: a systematic review of literature.","volume":"20","author":"Salvarli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"zoi250801r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.014","article-title":"Positive metacognitions about internet use: the mediating role in the relationship between emotional dysregulation and problematic use.","volume":"59","author":"Casale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250801r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12916","article-title":"A neural mechanism of the relationship between impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in patients with internet gaming disorder.","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"zoi250801r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00423","article-title":"Early-life interpersonal and affective risk factors for pathological gaming.","volume":"11","author":"Bussone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250801r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041930","article-title":"Bullying victimization and problem video gaming: the mediating role of externalizing and internalizing problems.","volume":"18","author":"Richard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"zoi250801r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004","article-title":"Recruiting the ABCD sample: design considerations and procedures.","volume":"32","author":"Garavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi250801r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101031"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2466\/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517","article-title":"Development of a Facebook addiction scale.","volume":"110","author":"Andreassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"zoi250801r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010","article-title":"Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: rationale and description.","volume":"32","author":"Barch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005288130494","article-title":"Relationship between specific adverse life events and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"29","author":"Tiet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi250801r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21.8.265","article-title":"The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral\/emotional problems and competencies.","volume":"21","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702620959317","article-title":"The general factor of psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: a comparison of alternative modeling approaches.","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250801r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12022","article-title":"Aversive Peer Experiences on Social Networking Sites: Development of the Social Networking-Peer Experiences Questionnaire (SN-PEQ).","volume":"23","author":"Landoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889","article-title":"A critique of the cross-lagged panel model.","volume":"20","author":"Hamaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"zoi250801r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000600","article-title":"The within-between dispute in cross-lagged panel research and how to move forward.","author":"Hamaker","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250801r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000358","article-title":"Testing prospective effects in longitudinal research: comparing seven competing cross-lagged models.","volume":"120","author":"Orth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling.","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"zoi250801r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108554","article-title":"Elevated loss sensitivity in the reward circuit in adolescents with video game but not social media addiction.","volume":"165","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250801r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000499","article-title":"Effect size guidelines for cross-lagged effects.","volume":"29","author":"Orth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000337971","article-title":"The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review.","volume":"46","author":"Carli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250801r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2023.133020","article-title":"Dealing with multicollinearity in factor analysis: the problem, detections, and solutions.","volume":"13","author":"Kyriazos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open J Stat"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250801r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650203258281","article-title":"Violent media content and aggressiveness in adolescents: a downward spiral model.","volume":"30","author":"Slater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Communic Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260802669458","article-title":"Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents.","volume":"12","author":"Lemmens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Media Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250801r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000163","article-title":"Development and validation of the problematic media use measure: a parent report measure of screen media \u201caddiction\u201d in children.","volume":"8","author":"Domoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Pop Media Cult"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250801r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00922.x","article-title":"Agreement between parents\u2019 reports and adolescents\u2019 self-reports of problem behavior.","volume":"33","author":"Verhulst","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi250801r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.21307\/sjcapp-2020-016","article-title":"Can the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) help characterize the types of psychopathologic conditions driving child psychiatry referrals?","volume":"8","author":"Biederman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol"},{"key":"zoi250801r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101831","article-title":"Screening and assessment tools for gaming disorder: a comprehensive systematic review.","volume":"77","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250801r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X19868365","article-title":"Adolescent technology, sleep, and physical activity time in two US cohorts.","volume":"53","author":"Fomby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Youth Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250801r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29426","article-title":"Passive sensing of preteens\u2019 smartphone use: an Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort substudy.","volume":"8","author":"Wade","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"zoi250801r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tmb0000005","article-title":"Toward improved methods in social media research.","author":"Griffioen","journal-title":"Technol Mind Behav"},{"key":"zoi250801r3","volume-title":"The Engagement Game: Why Your Workplace Culture Should Look More Like a Video Game","author":"Madigan","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi250801r4","volume-title":"Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World","author":"McGonigal","year":"2011"},{"key":"zoi250801r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"zoi250801r27","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi250801r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375678-7.00720-3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Health Economics","author":"Baltagi","year":"2014"},{"key":"zoi250801r1","unstructured":"Clement? J. U.S. daily time spent playing games and leisure computer 2019-2024, use by age. Statista. July 3, 2025. Accessed October 27, 2024. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/502149\/average-daily-time-playing-games-and-using-computer-us-by-age\/"},{"key":"zoi250801r8","unstructured":"ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. World Health Organization. Accessed January 19, 2023. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http%253a%252f%252fid.who.int%252ficd%252fentity%252f1448597234"},{"key":"zoi250801r49","unstructured":"Data sharing. Adolescent Behavioral Cognitive Development Study. Accessed July 3, 2025. https:\/\/abcdstudy.org\/scientists\/data-sharing"},{"key":"zoi250801r50","unstructured":"NDAR\/nda-tools. GitHub. Accessed July 3, 2025. https:\/\/github.com\/NDAR\/nda-tools"},{"key":"zoi250801r58","unstructured":"Moos? RH, Moos? BS. Family Environment Scale Manual: Development, Applications, Research. 3rd ed. Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs; Stanford University Medical Centers; and Mind Garden; 2002. Accessed February 23, 2025. https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1130000796814097024"},{"key":"zoi250801r67","unstructured":"Directional associations between psychopathology and gaming disorder in adolescents: a longitudinal panel study. Open Science Framework. Accessed July 3, 2025. https:\/\/osf.io\/jkw3e\/?view_only=3d0f6eaef763481da8057985ccc20982"},{"key":"zoi250801r78","unstructured":"Rideout? V, Peebles? A, Mann? S, Robb? MB. The Common Sense census: media use by tweens and teens, 2021. Common Sense. 2022. Accessed March 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.commonsensemedia.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/report\/8-18-census-integrated-report-final-web_0.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2836903\/falcione_2025_oi_250801_1753108814.4956.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T15:30:38Z","timestamp":1753803038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2836903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.28532","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]}}}