{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:07:45Z","timestamp":1792066065110,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>A 2024 US study reported that veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) had an increased risk of developing brain tumors. However, studies among civilians have shown conflicting results and have not replicated the association between TBI and brain tumor risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To examine whether history of TBI in US adult civilians is associated with a risk of subsequent development of malignant brain tumors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This retrospective cohort study used data from a tertiary academic medical center (Mass General Brigham [MGB]) patient data registry encompassing January 1, 2000, to January 1, 2024. Adult patients (aged &amp;gt;18 years) with mild TBI or moderate to severe TBI (exposure group) were compared with an age- and sex-matched group without a history of TBI (control group). The MGB data were compared across the same time span with data from 2 other tertiary academic medical centers (University of California [UC] Health Data Warehouse and Northwestern Medicine).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>TBI, which was categorized by severity as mild or moderate to severe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The primary outcome was development of malignant brain tumor based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision<\/jats:italic> (ICD-9<\/jats:italic>) and Tenth Revision<\/jats:italic> (ICD-10<\/jats:italic>) diagnostic codes in the patient data registry of each cohort. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine whether TBI was associated with brain tumor development. The MGB results were then meta-analyzed with the UC Health and Northwestern Medicine data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The MGB cohort included 151\u202f358 adults: 75\u202f679 control participants (51.8% female; median age, 56 years [IQR, 39-71 years]) and 75\u202f679 civilians with TBI. Of the civilians with TBI (median age, 56 years [IQR, 39-74 years]), 60\u202f735 had mild TBI (54.7% female; median age, 54 years [IQR, 37-73 years]) and 14\u202f944 had moderate to severe TBI (42.1% female; median age, 64 years [IQR, 47-79 years]). The median follow-up duration for the MGB cohort was 7.2 years (IQR, 4.1-10.1 years). Malignant brain tumor prevalence was 0.6% in the moderate to severe TBI group vs 0.4% in the control and mild TBI groups. The moderate to severe TBI group had a higher risk of developing malignant brain tumors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.67 [95% CI, 1.31-2.12]) compared with the mild TBI group (HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.83-1.18]). The risk persisted when meta-analyzed with data from the other 2 centers (HR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.26-1.95]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cohort study of US adult civilians, a history of moderate to severe TBI was associated with risk of developing malignant brain tumors. This association was confirmed in a meta-analysis with geographically diverse sites across the US. Additional research is needed to clarify the mechanism through which TBI increases the risk of developing brain tumors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.28850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T15:31:04Z","timestamp":1756135864000},"page":"e2528850","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Malignant Brain Tumors in Civilian Populations"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sandro","family":"Marini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Stroke, Cerebrovascular, and Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr R.","family":"Alwakeal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Bernstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mashlah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Stroke, Cerebrovascular, and Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad T.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Gerstl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Radmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gundolf","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharat","family":"Israni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Grashow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. 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