{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:02:25Z","timestamp":1793646145478,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250820-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death globally for both men and women, yet women remain historically underrepresented in CV clinical trials, despite facing a disproportionately high burden of morbidity and mortality in many forms of CV disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250820-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the representation of women across a broad range of CV trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250820-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The participation of women in CV trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov from 2017 to 2023 was systematically determined through the extraction of publicly available information. Data were extracted to identify the country of study, disease type, trial size, clinical intervention, and age of the participants. The proportion of women and the ratio of number of female to male participants (F:M ratio) were calculated for each trial. The women\u2019s participation:prevalence ratio (PPR) was estimated for each trial based on the relative prevalence of the disease by sex in the specified region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250820-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1079 registered CV trials were identified, including 1\u202f396\u202f104 participants, of whom 571\u202f641 (41.0%) were women. The F:M ratio was significantly lower for studies on arrhythmia (median [IQR], 0.5), coronary heart disease (median [IQR], 0.39 [0.33-0.70]), acute coronary syndrome (median [IQR], 0.32 [0.24-0.51]), and heart failure (median [IQR], 0.51 [0.32-0.87]) but higher for obesity (median [IQR], 1.44 [1.08-4.50]) and pulmonary hypertension (median [IQR], 2.86 [1.50-3.97]) trials. The F:M ratio was higher for trials on lifestyle interventions (median [IQR], 1.51 [0.77-3.24]) than for drug trials. PPRs were low for clinical trials on coronary heart disease (median [IQR], 0.66 [0.50-0.86]), acute coronary syndrome (median [IQR], 0.79 [0.51-0.87]), and stroke (median [IQR], 0.74 [0.61-0.95]). Representation of women in CV trials varied by disease state, region, intervention, and sponsor type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi250820-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight both progress and persistent challenges in representation of women within CV trials. These gaps not only limit the generalizability of trial outcomes but also perpetuate inequities in evidence-based care for women with CV conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.29104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1756632618000},"page":"e2529104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Participation of Women in Cardiovascular Trials From 2017 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Frederick Berro","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Vincent","family":"Magalong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, San Beda University, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan Ross B.","family":"Bantayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tesoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals\/South Brooklyn Health, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Jason","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikramjit","family":"Purewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, HonorHealth Mountain Vista Medical Center, Mesa, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polyn Luz S.","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Mei","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Marie","family":"Navar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Mulvagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Heart Health Clinic, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Januzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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