{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:08:40Z","timestamp":1791295720128,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Studies of COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease clinical epidemiology, disease burden, and vaccine effectiveness often rely on clinical testing to identify cases, particularly with increasing use of electronic health record data. However, few data are available describing clinical testing practices to inform interpretation of these studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To characterize clinical testing frequency for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV among children and adolescents hospitalized with acute respiratory illness during the 2016 to 2024 respiratory illness seasons by age, intensive care unit admission, and time period (2016-2020 and each season in 2020-2024); estimate the case fraction missed by clinical testing alone; and identify patient characteristics associated with clinical testing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study analyzed data collected through prospective surveillance with systematic molecular testing (surveillance testing) for SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses, and RSV among children and adolescents younger than 18 years hospitalized with acute respiratory illness at 6 US medical centers during the winter respiratory illness seasons of 2016 to 2024. In-hospital clinical molecular testing data were abstracted from the medical record.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The proportion of children and adolescents with clinical molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses, and RSV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n During 2016 to 2024, a total of 26\u202f073 hospitalized youths were enrolled (14\u202f459 aged &amp;lt;2 years [55.5%]; 14\u202f833 male [56.9%]), including 12\u202f090 youths during 2016 to 2020 combined. Overall, 10\u202f450 youths (40.1%) had an underlying medical condition. The proportion of youths with clinical testing decreased for SARS-CoV-2 from 3965 of 4388 youths (90.4%) during 2020 to 2021 to 2802 of 3685 youths (76.0%) during 2023 to 2024 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). In contrast, clinical testing increased from the 2016 to 2020 seasons to the 2023 to 2024 season for influenza viruses (5384 of 12\u202f090 youths [44.5%] to 2740 of 3685 youths [74.4%];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and RSV (5072 youths [42.0%] to 2638 youths [71.6%];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). During the 2023 to 2024 season, the proportion of youths identified as positive for each virus by surveillance testing alone (ie, without clinical testing) was 23 of 112 youths (20.5%) for SARS-CoV-2, 78 of 286 youths (27.3%) for influenza, and 290 of 979 youths (29.6%) for RSV; youths were more likely to receive clinical testing if they were admitted to the intensive care unit (eg, SARS-CoV-2: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.62; 95% CI, 2.06-3.33) or had underlying conditions (eg, any vs no underlying condition for SARS-CoV-2: aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.33-1.84).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this study, SARS-CoV-2 clinical testing decreased between 2020 to 2021 and 2023 to 2024 seasons, whereas influenza and RSV testing increased significantly between 2016 to 2020 and 2023 to 2024 seasons; approximately three-quarters of children and adolescents were tested for the 3 viruses in 2023 to 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.31499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T15:00:30Z","timestamp":1757948430000},"page":"e2531499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clinical Testing for COVID-19, Influenza, and RSV in Hospitalized Youths, 2016-2024"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ariana P.","family":"Toepfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Rutkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila C.","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas 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University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet A.","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Szilagyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Schlaudecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Ellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith L.","family":"McMorrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi L.","family":"Moline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah S.","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"New Vaccine Surveillance Network 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