{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:00:55Z","timestamp":1793383255730,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Adverse childhood experiences contribute to the development of personality disorders (PDs). Although trauma-focused interventions are effective for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), their effect on PD symptoms is less established.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in reducing PD symptoms compared with a waiting list, regardless of PTSD status.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n \n This 2-arm, multicenter, single-blind, randomized clinical trial was performed in the specialized outpatient departments of 2 clinics in the Netherlands from February 22, 2021, to October 2, 2024. Participants included 159 patients with PD diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for\n DSM-5<\/jats:italic>\n Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD). Data were analyzed based on intention to treat.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n Ten 90-minute EMDR sessions for 5 weeks, targeting traumatic and adverse memories linked to PD symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up assessments using the Assessment of\n DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n Personality Disorders (ADP-IV), SCID-5-PD, Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among the 159 patients included in the analysis, mean (SD) age\u2009was 35.4 (12.0) years, and 130 were female (81.8%). Seventy-nine participants were randomized to the EMDR group and 80 to the waiting-list control group. Four participants (5.1%) dropped out of the EMDR group, and 16 (20.3%) were early completers, without adverse events. EMDR therapy outperformed the waiting-list condition for ADP-IV post treatment (\u03b2, \u221237.93 [95% CI, \u221252.54 to \u221223.33];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001; Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.31 [95% CI, \u22120.05 to 0.66]) and at follow-up (\u03b2, \u221245.73 [95% CI, \u221264.90 to \u221226.56];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001; Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.46 [95% CI, 0.10-0.82]), SCID-5-PD post treatment (\u03b2, \u22123.65 [95% CI, \u22125.87 to \u22121.42];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002;\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.48 [95% CI, 0.14-0.82]) and at follow-up (\u03b2, \u22123.70 [95% CI, \u22127.10 to \u22120.30];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.03; Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.61 [95% CI, 0.25-0.97]), LPFS post treatment (\u03b2, \u22123.13 [95% CI, \u22124.86 to \u22121.41];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001; Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.31 [95% CI, \u22120.05 to 0.67]) and at follow-up (\u03b2, \u22123.62 [95% CI, \u22125.96 to \u22121.28];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.003; Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.43 [95% CI, 0.06-0.79]), and DERS post treatment (\u03b2, \u22129.03 [95% CI, \u221214.90 to \u22123.15];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.003; Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.35 [95% CI, \u22120.01 to 0.71]) and at follow-up (\u03b2, \u221211.73 [95% CI, \u221219.90 to \u22123.55];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.005; Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.62 [95% CI, 0.25-0.98]). PD remission was more common in the EMDR than control groups both post treatment (ADP-IV, 38.3% vs 6.8%; SCID-5-PD, 33.3% vs 7.8%) and at follow-up (ADP-IV, 45.4% vs 5.9%; SCID-5-PD, 44.1% vs 15.8%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this randomized clinical trial of 159 patients with PD, EMDR therapy led to significant reduction in PD symptoms, with 30 (44.1%) achieving remission. These findings support the potential of EMDR therapy for PD treatment and encourage further confirmatory research.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n Netherlands Trial Register:\n NL9078<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.33421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T15:31:17Z","timestamp":1758814277000},"page":"e2533421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy in Persons With Personality Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Hofman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality Disorders, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurian","family":"Hafkemeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"GGZ Delfland, Delft, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ad","family":"de Jongh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ Delfland, Delft, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Department, PSYTREC (Psychotrauma Expertise Center), Bilthoven, the Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Salford University, Manchester, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina W.","family":"Slotema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality Disorders, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, the Hague, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250942r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.202","article-title":"Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"213","author":"Volkert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250942r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1252","article-title":"Personality disorder prevalence in psychiatric outpatients: a systematic literature review.","volume":"8","author":"Beckwith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personal Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250942r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2011.588200","article-title":"Personality disorders: epidemiology and public health issues.","volume":"23","author":"Samuels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250942r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0212","article-title":"The economic burden of personality disorders in mental health care.","volume":"69","author":"Soeteman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi250942r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000685","article-title":"Which psychotherapy is most effective and acceptable in the treatment of adults with a (sub)clinical borderline personality disorder? 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