{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:08:40Z","timestamp":1793318920839,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Cardiometabolic disorders are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, with abdominal obesity being a major contributor to these conditions. Data on normal-weight abdominal obesity and its association with cardiometabolic outcomes are limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the global prevalence of normal-weight abdominal obesity and its association with cardiometabolic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study used data from the World Health Organization Stepwise Approach to Surveillance of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors survey datasets between 2000 and 2020. The surveys were from 91 countries across Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean region, Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific region. Adults aged 15 to 69 years or 18 to 69 years (based on participating countries\u2019 national definitions of adult) were included. The data were analyzed between April 2024 and January 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Normal-weight abdominal obesity, which is defined as a normal body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 to 24.9 (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) but high waist circumference (female, \u226580 cm; male, \u226594 cm).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The main outcomes were hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Associations with these cardiometabolic outcomes were quantified using multivariable binary logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The study included 471\u202f228 participants (mean [SD] age, 40.4 [15.9] years; 57.8% female). Globally, 21.7% (95% CI, 21.5%-21.8%) of participants with a normal BMI had abdominal obesity, ranging from 15.3% (95% CI, 15.0%-15.7%) in the Western Pacific region to 32.6% (95% CI, 31.9%-33.3%) in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Lebanon had the highest prevalence of normal-weight abdominal obesity (58.4%; 95% CI, 54.1%-62.6%), while Mozambique had the lowest (6.9%; 95% CI, 5.9%-8.1%). Factors associated with abdominal obesity included primary and secondary or higher education (odds ratio [OR], 1.53 [95% CI, 1.50-1.57] and 2.38 [95% CI, 2.33-2.43], respectively), unemployment (OR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.23-1.27]), low fruits and vegetables intake (OR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.20-1.24]), and physical inactivity (OR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.57-1.63]). Additionally, having a normal BMI and abdominal obesity was consistently associated with hypertension (OR,\u20091.29 [95% CI, 1.25-1.33]), diabetes (OR,\u20091.81 [95% CI, 1.72-1.90]), high total cholesterol (OR,\u20091.39 [95% CI, 1.35-1.44]), and high triglycerides (OR,\u20091.56 [95% CI, 1.48-1.64]).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional study, more than 1 in 5 adults worldwide with a normal BMI had abdominal obesity. Relying solely on BMI may be insufficient to identify these high-risk individuals and provide timely interventions. The findings have implications for the United Nations\u2019 Sustainable Development Goal targets 2.2 (ending all forms of malnutrition) and 3.4 (reducing premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.37942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:30:28Z","timestamp":1760715028000},"page":"e2537942","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Cardiometabolic Outcomes Among Adults With Abdominal Obesity and Normal Body Mass Index"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kedir Y.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setognal B.","family":"Aychiluhm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teketo Kassaw","family":"Tegegne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Bekele","family":"Ketema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zemenu Yohannes","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getiye Dejenu","family":"Kibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bereket","family":"Duko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desalegn Markos","family":"Shifti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meless G.","family":"Bore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zekariyas Sahile","family":"Nezenega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asres","family":"Bedaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Daffodil Centre, University of Sydney, A Joint Venture With Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aklilu Habte","family":"Hailegebireal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habtamu Mellie","family":"Bizuayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Nations Cancer and Wellbeing Research Program, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel F.","family":"Dadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfalidet","family":"Beyene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd. Farooq","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahir A.","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulbasit","family":"Seid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feleke H.","family":"Astawesegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sewunet Admasu","family":"Belachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Nations Cancer and Wellbeing Research Program, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheru Tesema","family":"Leshargie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fentaw T.","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal K.","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasuni Akalanka","family":"Hewa Marambage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakeel","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen G.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Now with College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10440","key":"zoi251051r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.","volume":"403","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"25","key":"zoi251051r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study.","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10467","key":"zoi251051r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants.","volume":"404","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi251051r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2008.151274","article-title":"Targeting abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome to manage cardiovascular disease risk.","volume":"95","author":"Despr\u00e9s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251051r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz187","article-title":"Abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: a Mendelian randomization analysis.","volume":"110","author":"Viitasalo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251051r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2006.07.005","article-title":"The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"17","author":"Ritchie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251051r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00580-1","article-title":"Strengths and limitations of BMI in the diagnosis of obesity: what is the path forward?","volume":"13","author":"Sweatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251051r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-03942-1","article-title":"Normal-weight central obesity and cardiometabolic disorders among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.","volume":"23","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251051r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181da9423","article-title":"Accuracy of current body mass index obesity classification for White, Black, and Hispanic reproductive-age women.","volume":"115","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi251051r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2525","article-title":"Normal-weight central obesity: implications for total and cardiovascular mortality.","volume":"163","author":"Sahakyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi251051r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.7326\/L17-0022","article-title":"Normal-weight central obesity and risk for mortality.","volume":"166","author":"Hamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251051r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7","article-title":"Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a consensus statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity.","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi251051r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049496","article-title":"Prevalence of abdominal obesity and its association with cardiovascular risk among the adult population in Burkina Faso: findings from a nationwide cross-sectional study.","volume":"11","author":"Cisse","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"zoi251051r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100859","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity and their association with metabolic-related conditions in Vietnamese adults: an analysis of Vietnam STEPS survey 2009 and 2015.","volume":"39","author":"Pham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"10455","key":"zoi251051r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01405-3","article-title":"General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7.5 million participants.","volume":"404","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251051r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302962","article-title":"The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk-Factor Surveillance: methods, challenges, and opportunities.","volume":"106","author":"Riley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251051r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-024-00625-0","article-title":"Risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Afghanistan: insights of the nationwide population-based survey in 2018.","volume":"43","author":"Dadras","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"zoi251051r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101874","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia and associated factors among adults in Jordan: results of a national cross-sectional survey in 2019.","volume":"28","author":"Pengpid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251051r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-006-0024-x","article-title":"Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ).","volume":"14","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi251051r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities.","volume":"32","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"zoi251051r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1248639","article-title":"High sedentary behavior and low physical activity among adults in Afghanistan: results from a national cross-sectional survey.","volume":"11","author":"Pengpid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"zoi251051r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100208","article-title":"Abdominal obesity in India: analysis of the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-2021) data.","volume":"14","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"issue":"19","key":"zoi251051r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11863","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911863","article-title":"High urban-rural inequities of abdominal obesity in Malawi: insights from the 2009 and 2017 Malawi noncommunicable disease risk factors surveys.","volume":"19","author":"Samadoulougou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251051r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00535.x","article-title":"Sexual differentiation. a determinant factor of the forms of obesity. 1947.","volume":"4","author":"Vague","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251051r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.159228","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk.","volume":"28","author":"Despr\u00e9s","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi251051r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00650-3","article-title":"Global, regional and time-trend prevalence of central obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13.2 million subjects.","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi251051r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044604","article-title":"Obesity in low- and middle-income countries: burden, drivers, and emerging challenges.","volume":"38","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251051r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.07.040","article-title":"Association between urbanization and metabolic syndrome in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"34","author":"Nsabimana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251051r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73522-5","article-title":"Trends and social determinants of the obesity epidemic among reproductive-age women in ten Asian countries.","volume":"14","author":"Thapa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251051r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-022-00888-z","article-title":"Higher education expansion and gender norms: evidence from China.","volume":"35","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Popul Econ"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251051r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.8.1092","article-title":"Routine screening and consultation facilitate improvement of metabolic syndrome.","volume":"30","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"zoi251051r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s119","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054389","article-title":"Impact of the WHO FCTC over the first decade: a global evidence review prepared for the Impact Assessment Expert Group.","volume":"28","author":"Chung-Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251051r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13504630.2024.2439790","article-title":"Individual responsibility and the future of the nation. a case study of Icelandic public health measures to promote healthy eating and drinking.","volume":"31","author":"Di Genova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Identities"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251051r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jef.2016.03.002","article-title":"Korean diet: Characteristics and historical background.","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ethn Foods"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251051r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.21042","article-title":"Genetic association of waist-to-hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits, type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease.","volume":"317","author":"Emdin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi251051r13","volume-title":"Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development","author":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs","year":"2015"},{"key":"zoi251051r18","volume-title":"The WHO STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2008"},{"key":"zoi251051r21","volume-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2840296\/ahmed_2025_oi_251051_1760453458.97022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:30:29Z","timestamp":1760715029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2840296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.37942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}}}