{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:47:53Z","timestamp":1780408073331,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Adolescent cannabis use is a substantial public health concern given its associations with adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Understanding how distinct use patterns are associated with medical care utilization in young adulthood is critical for prevention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine the association between patterns of adolescent cannabis use and medical care utilization for mental and physical health conditions in young adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This population-based birth cohort study linked to population-wide administrative medical care databases was conducted in the Province of Qu\u00e9bec, Canada. Participants included individuals recruited for the Qu\u00e9bec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, followed up from birth (1997-1998) to 23 years of age (2021). Data were analyzed November 2023 to February 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Self-reported past 12-month cannabis use at ages 12, 13, 15, and 17 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Medical care utilization for any mental disorder (including common mental disorders and substance-related disorders), suicide-related behaviors, and any physical health condition (including respiratory diseases, injuries and poisoning, and other physical diseases) between ages 18 and 23 years. Analyses were adjusted for 32 individual, family, and community-level confounders measured from birth to younger than 12 years of age using overlap weights.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Data for 1591 individuals (818 female [51.4%]; mean [SD] age at first exposure assessment, 12.1 [0.3] years) were analyzed. Three distinct adolescent cannabis use patterns were identified via group-based trajectory modeling: nonuse (948 [59.6%]), late-onset use (318 [20.0%], initiating after age 15 years), and early-onset and frequent use (325 [20.4%], initiating before age 15 years). In fully adjusted analyses, individuals with early-onset and frequent use had significantly higher odds of medical care utilization for any mental disorder (odds ratio [OR], 1.51 [95% CI, 1.10-2.08]), common mental disorders (OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.12-2.21]), any physical health condition (OR, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.30-2.67]), injuries and poisoning (OR, 1.41 [1.05-1.89]), and other physical diseases (OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.08-1.98]), compared with individuals with no use. Individuals with late-onset use did not differ significantly from those with nonuse for mental health outcomes (OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.80-1.58]) but had higher odds of medical care utilization for any physical health condition (OR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.16-2.28]).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Findings of this birth cohort study indicated that early-onset and frequent cannabis use was associated with greater medical care utilization for both mental and physical health conditions in young adulthood. These findings support the relevance of delaying initiation and reducing intensity of cannabis use during adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.39977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:02:47Z","timestamp":1761663767000},"page":"e2539977","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Health Service Use Among Young Adults With a History of Adolescent Cannabis Use"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Chadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azreli Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Castellanos-Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azreli Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Vergunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Dorais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StatSciences Inc, Notre-Dame-de-l\u2019\u00cele-Perrot, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean R.","family":"S\u00e9guin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azreli Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vitaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azreli Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"School of Psychoeducation, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Temcheff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azreli Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvana M.","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azreli Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9cole de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Geoffroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Orri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02590-4","article-title":"Consequences of adolescent drug use.","volume":"13","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251102r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70307-4","article-title":"Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis.","volume":"1","author":"Silins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251102r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"76","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251102r5","first-page":"305","article-title":"Substance use and psychotic-like experiences in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"53","author":"Matheson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2022.07.005","article-title":"A review of the effects of adolescent cannabis use on physical health.","volume":"32","author":"Tuvel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251102r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30342-0","article-title":"Effects of increasing cannabis potency on adolescent health.","volume":"3","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251102r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13546","article-title":"Changes in health harms due to cannabis following legalisation of non-medical cannabis in Canada in context of cannabis commercialisation: a scoping review.","volume":"42","author":"Myran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"zoi251102r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100773","article-title":"How has non-medical cannabis legalization served the health and welfare of under-age (adolescent) youth in Canada?","volume":"35","author":"Fischer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"zoi251102r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.06.007","article-title":"Youth marijuana use: a review of causes and consequences.","volume":"38","author":"Scheier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"zoi251102r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.027","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of marijuana use trajectories over the life course in an African American population.","volume":"118","author":"Juon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi251102r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000054","article-title":"Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence into adulthood: environmental and individual correlates.","volume":"51","author":"Epstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251102r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000556","article-title":"Testing a developmental cascade model of adolescent substance use trajectories and young adult adjustment.","volume":"22","author":"Lynne-Landsman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000090","article-title":"Marijuana trajectories in Canadian youth: associations with substance use and mental health.","volume":"50","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Behav Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251102r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260503500205","article-title":"Substance use trajectories from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: a comparison of smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use.","volume":"35","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251102r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2466\/10.18.PR0.108.2.339-357","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personality and social role outcomes.","volume":"108","author":"Brook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"zoi251102r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.09.008","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of adolescent cannabis use and their relationship to young adult social and behavioural adjustment: a longitudinal study of Australian youth.","volume":"53","author":"Scholes-Balog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251102r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404040118","article-title":"Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: predictors and outcomes.","volume":"16","author":"Windle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404044475","article-title":"Early adolescent through young adult alcohol and marijuana use trajectories: early predictors, young adult outcomes, and predictive utility.","volume":"16","author":"Flory","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi251102r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1229-0","article-title":"Marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: developmental trajectories and their outcomes.","volume":"51","author":"Brook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251102r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14814","article-title":"Life-course trajectories of cannabis use: a latent class analysis of a New Zealand birth cohort.","volume":"115","author":"Boden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.12.1.47","article-title":"Comparing the developmental trajectories of marijuana use of African American and Caucasian adolescents: patterns, antecedents, and consequences.","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251102r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208503","article-title":"Patterns of cannabis use during adolescence and their association with harmful substance use behaviour: findings from a UK birth cohort.","volume":"71","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12549","article-title":"Patterns of marijuana use and physical health indicators among Canadian youth.","volume":"55","author":"Ames","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251102r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01972-z","article-title":"Cohort profile: Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD).","volume":"56","author":"Orri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251102r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"147","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251102r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199711)25:6<551::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"The reliability and validity of a questionnaire describing neighborhood characteristics relevant to families and young children living in urban areas.","volume":"25","author":"McGuire","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01788437","article-title":"The diagnostic interview schedule: its development, evolution, and use.","volume":"23","author":"Helzer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251102r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population.","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251102r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.6.884","article-title":"Children with chronic illness: family and parent demographic characteristics and psychosocial adjustment.","volume":"87","author":"Cadman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251102r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198809000-00016","article-title":"A Parent Practices Scale and its relation to parent and child mental health.","volume":"27","author":"Strayhorn","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251102r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00210","article-title":"Parental monitoring: a reinterpretation.","volume":"71","author":"Stattin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi251102r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950090064009","article-title":"Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior.","volume":"51","author":"Tremblay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251102r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/01650254221113472","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) in a longitudinal population-based sample.","volume":"47","author":"Collet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Behav Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/cjbs2007001","article-title":"Development and psychometric properties of the Early Development Instrument (EDI): a measure of children\u2019s school readiness.","volume":"39","author":"Janus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Behav Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.1.74","article-title":"Identifying victims of peer aggression from early to middle childhood: analysis of cross-informant data for concordance, estimation of relational adjustment, prevalence of victimization, and characteristics of identified victims.","volume":"14","author":"Ladd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251102r42","first-page":"995","article-title":"The Children\u2019s Depression, Inventory (CDI).","volume":"21","author":"Kovacs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251102r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.74","article-title":"The Quebec Newborn Twin Study at 21.","volume":"22","author":"Boivin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251102r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2006.0029","article-title":"Person-centered and variable-centered approaches to longitudinal data.","volume":"52","author":"Laursen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Merrill Palmer Q (Wayne State Univ Press)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251102r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1247646","article-title":"The GRoLTS-checklist: guidelines for reporting on latent trajectory studies.","volume":"24","author":"van de Schoot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251102r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp425","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data: fully conditional specification versus multivariate normal imputation.","volume":"171","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r50","first-page":"250","article-title":"Addressing extreme propensity scores via the overlap weights.","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.140","article-title":"Sex-dependent effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: a translational perspective.","volume":"43","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi251102r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x","article-title":"The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review.","volume":"107","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi251102r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402309","article-title":"Adverse health effects of marijuana use.","volume":"370","author":"Volkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251102r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad151","article-title":"Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use as risk factors for head trauma in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort study 1986.","volume":"33","author":"Koivisto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"zoi251102r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107771","article-title":"Recreational cannabis use impairs driving performance in the absence of acute intoxication.","volume":"208","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251102r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0339","article-title":"Will legalization and commercialization of cannabis use increase the incidence and prevalence of psychosis?","volume":"77","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251102r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13224","article-title":"Peer-led interventions to prevent tobacco, alcohol and\/or drug use among young people aged 11-21 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"111","author":"Georgie J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"zoi251102r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.02.004","article-title":"Parent-based interventions for preventing or reducing adolescent substance use - a systematic literature review.","volume":"45","author":"Kuntsche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251102r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-015-0185-7","article-title":"The effectiveness of family interventions in preventing adolescent illicit drug use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"18","author":"Vermeulen-Smit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251102r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350802673224","article-title":"A systematic review of school-based marijuana and alcohol prevention programs targeting adolescents aged 10\u201315.","volume":"18","author":"Lemstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"zoi251102r36","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised","author":"Dunn","year":"1981"},{"key":"zoi251102r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041318","volume-title":"Group-Based Modeling of Development","author":"Nagin","year":"2005"},{"key":"zoi251102r2","unstructured":"Summary? E. World Drug Report 2023. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UN. Accessed December 2024. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/res\/WDR-2023\/WDR23_Exsum_fin_DP.pdf"},{"key":"zoi251102r7","unstructured":"Alcohol and drug use among students in Canada, 2023-24: key findings from the Canadian Student Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Government of Canada. 2025. Accessed December 2024. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/hc-sc\/documents\/services\/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey\/2023-2024-key-findings\/2023-2024-key-findings.pdf"},{"key":"zoi251102r28","unstructured":"Willms? J, Shields? M. A measure of socioeconomic status for the National Longitudinal Study of Children. Statistics Canada. 1996."},{"key":"zoi251102r30","unstructured":"Growing up in Canada: issued by Human Resources Development Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1996. Accessed September 8, 2025. https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/site\/eng\/65048\/publication.html"},{"key":"zoi251102r41","unstructured":"National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Survey instruments: overview of survey instruments for 1998-1999 data collection: cycle 3. Accessed September 17, 2025. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/89f0078x\/89f0078x1999003-eng.pdf?st=mdOLYm75"},{"key":"zoi251102r43","unstructured":"National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Survey overview for 2004\/2005 data collection cycle 6. Statistics Canada. Accessed September 8, 2025. https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb-bmdi\/pub\/document\/4450_D2_T9_V2-eng.pdf"},{"key":"zoi251102r45","unstructured":"Desrosiers? H. Early childhood characteristics and school readiness: the importance of a family\u2019s social support. Institut de la Statistique du Qu\u00e9bec. 2013;Nov(18):1-16. https:\/\/statistique.quebec.ca\/en\/fichier\/no-18-early-childhood-characteristics-and-school-readiness-the-importance-of-social-support-for-families.pdf"},{"key":"zoi251102r53","unstructured":"OrriLab\/Health-use-cannabis-QLSCD. GitHub. Accessed September 17, 2025. https:\/\/github.com\/OrriLab\/Health-use-cannabis-QLSCD"},{"key":"zoi251102r54","unstructured":"Patel? J, Marwaha? R. Cannabis Use Disorder. 2025. Accessed January 25, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538131\/"},{"key":"zoi251102r56","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. Injury and death. In: The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press (US); 2017. Accessed December 6, 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK425742\/"},{"key":"zoi251102r59","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. Respiratory disease. In: The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press (US); 2017. Accessed January 25, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK425753\/"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2840615\/martnez_2025_oi_251102_1761061282.47761.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:02:58Z","timestamp":1761663778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2840615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.39977","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]}}}