{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:19:57Z","timestamp":1790914797503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n The optimal management of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains controversial, as the risk-benefit balance between interventional treatment and conservative management is unclear. While ARUBA (A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain AVMs) favored conservative management in the short term, methodologic limitations and limited follow-up have left uncertainty regarding long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the association between interventional treatment and hemorrhage-free survival, compared with conservative management, in patients with unruptured AVMs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study used a target trial emulation approach based on data from the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) registry, a nationwide, multicenter prospective collaboration conducted from August 1, 2011, to December 31, 2021. Patients with unruptured AVMs at baseline were included. Data analyses were conducted from January 24 to April 6, 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Interventional treatment (microsurgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, endovascular embolization, or combinations thereof) initiated within 6 months of diagnosis vs conservative management (observation and medical therapy).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was 5-year hemorrhage-free survival, defined as survival without AVM-related hemorrhage or death. The secondary outcome was 10-year hemorrhage-free survival. Hazard ratios (HRs) and risk differences were estimated using inverse probability of censoring-weighted survival analyses following a clone-censor-weight approach.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Among the 1770 patients included in the analysis (median age, 26.2 [IQR, 16.5-37.6] years; 1059 [59.8%] male), the estimated 5-year hemorrhage-free survival was 96.23% (95% CI, 93.95%-97.65%) for the interventional treatment group and 89.00% (95% CI, 86.37%-91.24%) for the conservative management group, yielding a risk difference of 7.23% (95% CI, 4.78%-9.91%) and an HR for hemorrhage of 0.44 (95% CI, 0.33-0.57). At 10 years, the risk difference was 8.37% (95% CI, 2.68%-15.70%) and the HR was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.42-0.69). Subgroup analyses indicated that the benefit of the intervention was not observed in patients with high-grade AVMs or diffuse nidus, for whom outcomes were similar to those of patients with conservative management. Only microsurgical resection was consistently associated with reduced hemorrhage risk in sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this nationwide cohort study using target trial emulation, interventional treatment of unruptured AVMs was associated with improved hemorrhage-free survival at 5 and 10 years. These findings support individualized decision-making in the management of unruptured AVMs and demonstrate how target trial emulation can inform clinical questions where randomized clinical trials are not feasible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.43408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T16:00:48Z","timestamp":1763049648000},"page":"e2543408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Interventional Treatment vs Conservative Management of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Heze","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengwei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gamma-Knife Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruinan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Shanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Qinzhou, Guangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gamma-Knife Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Qiang","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Shuai","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Xun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Yahui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Fa","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Runting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Yongenbo","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Cunyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Weitao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Changyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Yunfan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Geng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Xiangyu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Jun","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Zhiyong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Junlin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"-","given":"Weiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Multimodality Treatment for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation in Mainland China (MATCH) Registry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"zoi251180r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1607407","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformations of the brain.","volume":"376","author":"Solomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi251180r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010968","article-title":"Brain arteriovenous malformations: a review of natural history, pathobiology, and interventions.","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251180r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000134","article-title":"Management of brain arteriovenous malformations: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association.","volume":"48","author":"Derdeyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251180r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.046725","article-title":"Most promising approaches to improve brain AVM management: ARISE I consensus recommendations.","volume":"55","author":"Samaniego","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9917","key":"zoi251180r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62302-8","article-title":"Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial.","volume":"383","author":"Mohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251180r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.032429","article-title":"Unruptured arteriovenous malformations: do we have an answer after the final follow-up of ARUBA? a bayesian viewpoint.","volume":"52","author":"Volovici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251180r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.7.JNS211186","article-title":"Interventional outcomes for patients eligible for entry into the ARUBA clinical trial: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"137","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251180r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6443","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of endovascular embolization only in patients with unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: a subgroup analysis of ARUBA (A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations).","volume":"41","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251180r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2019-000248","article-title":"Updates in arteriovenous malformation management: the post-ARUBA era.","volume":"5","author":"Feghali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"zoi251180r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.211","article-title":"Microsurgery for unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations in the National Inpatient Sample is more common post-ARUBA.","volume":"137","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251180r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.8.JNS19998","article-title":"Multimodal cerebral arteriovenous malformation treatment: a 12-year experience and comparison of key outcomes to ARUBA.","volume":"133","author":"Pulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251180r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E118","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy391","article-title":"The NASSAU (New Assessment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Yet Unruptured) analysis: are the results from the ARUBA trial also applicable to unruptured arteriovenous malformations deemed suitable for gamma knife surgery?","volume":"85","author":"Karlsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251180r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14533","article-title":"Comparison of conservative management, microsurgery only, and microsurgery with preoperative embolization for unruptured arteriovenous malformations: a propensity score weighted prospective cohort study.","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251180r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","article-title":"Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available.","volume":"183","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi251180r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000152","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251180r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-01871","article-title":"The target trial framework for causal inference from observational data: why and when is it helpful?","volume":"178","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi251180r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2407586","article-title":"\u201cTarget trial emulation\u201d for observational studies\u2014potential and pitfalls.","volume":"391","author":"Hubbard","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251180r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-022-00296-y","article-title":"Multimodality treatment for brain arteriovenous malformation in Mainland China: design, rationale, and baseline patient characteristics of a nationwide multicenter prospective registry.","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Neurosurg J"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi251180r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70461","article-title":"De-mystifying the clone-censor-weight method for causal research using observational data: a primer for cancer researchers.","volume":"13","author":"Gaber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"zoi251180r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21383","article-title":"Target trial emulation: a framework for causal inference from observational data.","volume":"328","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251180r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216628900","article-title":"Correcting for dependent censoring in routine outcome monitoring data by applying the inverse probability censoring weighted estimator.","volume":"27","author":"Willems","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251180r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa057","article-title":"Reflection on modern methods: trial emulation in the presence of immortal-time bias\u2014assessing the benefit of major surgery for elderly lung cancer patients using observational data.","volume":"49","author":"Maringe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251180r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1430","article-title":"Reporting terminology for brain arteriovenous malformation clinical and radiographic features for use in clinical trials.","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251180r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000330401.82582.5E","article-title":"Natural history of brain arteriovenous malformations: a long-term follow-up study of risk of hemorrhage in 238 patients.","volume":"63","author":"Hernesniemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi251180r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3200","article-title":"Outcome after conservative management or intervention for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations.","volume":"311","author":"Al-Shahi Salman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251180r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3845","article-title":"Trial emulation and real-world evidence.","volume":"4","author":"Groenwold","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi251180r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2331","article-title":"Target trial emulations: bridging the gap between clinical trial and real-world data.","volume":"23","author":"Usman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi251180r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.34425","article-title":"Comparison of a target trial emulation framework vs Cox regression to estimate the association of corticosteroids with COVID-19 mortality.","volume":"5","author":"Hoffman","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251180r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.4.0476","article-title":"A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations.","volume":"65","author":"Spetzler","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"zoi251180r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.148847","article-title":"A proposed grading system for endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Buffalo score.","volume":"6","author":"Dumont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi251180r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2015-011779","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation Embocure score: AVMES.","volume":"8","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251180r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.5.JNS1311","article-title":"A practical grading scale for predicting outcome after radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations: analysis of 1012 treated patients.","volume":"119","author":"Starke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251180r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-023-01215-8","article-title":"Recurrence of cerebral arteriovenous malformation following complete obliteration through endovascular embolization.","volume":"16","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251180r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199211000-00006","article-title":"Diffuse arteriovenous malformations: a clinical, radiological, and pathological description.","volume":"31","author":"Chin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi251180r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003436.pub4","article-title":"Interventions for treating brain arteriovenous malformations in adults.","volume":"9","author":"Zuurbier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi251180r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000341","article-title":"Association of embolization with long-term outcomes in brain arteriovenous malformations: a propensity score-matched analysis using nationwide multicenter prospective registry data.","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251180r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000001913","article-title":"Long-term risks of hemorrhage and adverse radiation effects of stereotactic radiosurgery for brain arteriovenous malformations.","volume":"90","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2841324\/han_2025_oi_251180_1762459845.43742.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T16:00:49Z","timestamp":1763049649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2841324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.43408","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]}}}