{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:09:44Z","timestamp":1786975784648,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n The long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on after-school activity patterns among youths remain poorly understood, hindering the development of policies to promote beneficial engagement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine longitudinal changes in after-school activity participation before (2019), during (2020 to 2021), and after (2022) the COVID-19 pandemic and assess whether these changes differed by sex.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This longitudinal cohort study used linked yearly census survey data from the Well-Being and Engagement Collection (WEC) survey in South Australia. Participants were youths starting year 6 of school on January 29, 2019, who progressed to starting year 9 by January 31, 2022. Data analyzed were collected in weeks 2 to 5 of term 2 (May 2019 to May 2022).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Weekly frequency of engagement in 11 after-school activities was measured in the WEC survey. Ordinal logistic regression models examined the trajectory of after-school activity participation. The results were visualized as estimated proportions over time.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 14\u202f350 participants (mean [SD] age in 2019, 11.7\u2009[0.5] years; 7232 [50.4%] male) contributing 36\u202f572 observations were included in the analysis. Participation in music, art, reading for fun, hanging out with friends, tutoring, and sports declined during and after the pandemic. Among these participants, youths who never participated in art (2019, 25.7% [95% CI, 24.5%-27.0%]; 2022, 70.4% [95% CI, 68.8%-72.0%]) and reading for fun (2019, 10.8% [95% CI, 10.1%-11.6%]; 2022, 52.6% [95% CI, 50.5%-54.8%]) showed the largest changes. Conversely, time spent watching television, doing chores, and playing electronic games showed meaningful increases but returned to prepandemic levels in 2022. Social media was the only activity that showed consistent increases during the 4 years, demonstrating the greatest growth. Everyday use increased from 26.0% (95% CI, 24.6%-27.3%) in 2019 to 85.4% (95% CI, 84.1%-86.7%) in 2022. Females spent more time on social media than males, while males experienced a more pronounced decline in reading.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study found associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and after-school activity participation patterns among youths, with rapid increases in social media use compared with all other activities. These associations largely persisted 3 years after the onset of the pandemic. These findings provide a timely benchmark for evaluating forthcoming policies aimed at restricting youth access to social media platforms. Interventions to support activities such as sports, art, and music are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.43637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:30:37Z","timestamp":1763137837000},"page":"e2543637","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Postpandemic After-School Activities Among Youths in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Futures, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Cools","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australia Department for Education, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Dumuid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251185r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12389","article-title":"Out-of-school time and behaviors during adolescence.","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-022-00897-7","article-title":"Playing to succeed: the impact of extracurricular activity participation on academic achievement for youth involved with the child welfare system.","volume":"41","author":"Connelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Social Work J"},{"key":"zoi251185r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106291","article-title":"Screen time and extracurricular activities as risk and protective factors for mental health in adolescence: a population-level study.","volume":"141","author":"Oberle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251185r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913917712283","article-title":"The role of arts activities in developing resilience and mental wellbeing in children and young people a rapid review of the literature.","volume":"137","author":"Zarobe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251185r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12069","article-title":"Do extracurricular activities contribute to better adolescent outcomes? a fixed-effects panel data approach.","volume":"94","author":"O\u2019Flaherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.10136","article-title":"Structured extracurricular activities among adolescents: findings and implications for school psychologists.","volume":"41","author":"Gilman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2017.05.006","article-title":"The impact of extracurricular activities participation on youth delinquent behaviors: An instrumental variables approach.","volume":"58","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251185r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12154","article-title":"Organized extracurricular activities: are in-school and out-of-school activities associated with different outcomes for Canadian youth?","volume":"84","author":"Gu\u00e8vremont","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"key":"zoi251185r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101687","article-title":"Impact of organized activities on mental health in children and adolescents: an umbrella review.","volume":"25","author":"Boelens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi251185r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01110-2","article-title":"Benefits of extracurricular participation in early adolescence: associations with peer belonging and mental health.","volume":"48","author":"Oberle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251185r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40608","article-title":"Effects of excessive screen time on child development: an updated review and strategies for management.","volume":"15","author":"Muppalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01166-7","article-title":"The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"zoi251185r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101116","article-title":"Screen-time during the after-school period: a contextual perspective.","volume":"19","author":"Haycraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0419-1","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence of sedentary behavior during the after-school period among children aged 5-18 years.","volume":"13","author":"Arundell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251185r17","first-page":"164","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on children\u2014parent\u2019s perspective.","volume":"10","author":"Al-Balushi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007190","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on movement behaviours of children and adolescents: a systematic review.","volume":"7","author":"Kharel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251185r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11020038","article-title":"A narrative review of screen time and wellbeing among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for the future.","volume":"11","author":"Lua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251185r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276231196504","article-title":"Associations between daily activities, stress, and sleep among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"18","author":"Zayatz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"zoi251185r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.","article-title":"Physical and sports activity during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"21","author":"Raiola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2023-0346","article-title":"Associations between changes in 24-hour movement behaviors in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and mediation-based meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Neville","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi251185r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121552","article-title":"A snapshot of peer relationships in children and youth: pre- versus during COVID-19.","volume":"21","author":"Manis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1132065","article-title":"The life course as developmental theory.","volume":"69","author":"Elder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12387","article-title":"Child development during the COVID-19 pandemic through a life course theory lens.","volume":"14","author":"Benner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2022.2154181","article-title":"Participation in extracurricular leisure activities among primary school pupils: effects of ethnic-cultural background, gender and school diversity.","volume":"54","author":"Valcke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Leis Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi251185r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6085","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116085","article-title":"Are there differences in video gaming and use of social media among boys and girls?\u2014a mixed methods approach.","volume":"18","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab103","article-title":"Data Resource Profile: The South Australian Well-being and Engagement Collection (WEC).","volume":"51","author":"Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"zoi251185r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772","article-title":"ggeffects: Tidy data frames of marginal effects from regression models.","volume":"3","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251185r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e866","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13652","article-title":"Children\u2019s screen and problematic media use in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"92","author":"Eales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251185r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02269-7","article-title":"The longitudinal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents\u2019 internalizing symptoms, substance use, and digital media use.","volume":"33","author":"Shoshani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251185r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.56157","article-title":"Trends in screen time use among children during the COVID-19 pandemic, July 2019 through August 2021.","volume":"6","author":"Hedderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251185r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055190","article-title":"Problematic child media use during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"150","author":"Kroshus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"zoi251185r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101452","article-title":"Changes and correlates of screen time in adults and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"48","author":"Trott","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00705-3","article-title":"Physical activity, recreational screen time, and depressive symptoms among Chinese children and adolescents: a three-wave cross-lagged study during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi251185r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4116","article-title":"Assessment of changes in child and adolescent screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"176","author":"Madigan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi251185r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpeds.2023.100080","article-title":"Screen time in children and youth during the pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi251185r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13969","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113969","article-title":"Age and gender perspectives on social media and technology practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"19","author":"Chidiac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251185r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-020-01881-4","article-title":"Parenting and child behaviour barriers to managing screen time with young children.","volume":"30","author":"Halpin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"zoi251185r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.633499","article-title":"Exploring changes in musical behaviors of caregivers and children in social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"12","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi251185r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259105","article-title":"Survival of musical activities. when do young people stop making music?","volume":"16","author":"Ruth","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"zoi251185r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2022.102012","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 reading habits during COVID-19 protracted lockdown: to what extent do they still contribute to the perpetuation of cultural reproduction?","volume":"115","author":"Chalari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Educ Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi251185r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe13100142","article-title":"Digital versus paper reading: a systematic literature review on contemporary gaps according to gender, socioeconomic status, and rurality.","volume":"13","author":"Peras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"key":"zoi251185r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101959","article-title":"Youth physical activity and the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.","volume":"29","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"zoi251185r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-025-02405-4","article-title":"The shifting landscape of physical activity among school-aged children and adolescents in the United Kingdom: A descriptive study from 2019 to 2023.","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251185r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09895-x","article-title":"Canadian adolescents\u2019 internalized symptoms in pandemic times: association with sociodemographic characteristics, confinement habits, and support.","volume":"92","author":"Tardif-Grenier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi251185r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094780","article-title":"Impacts on children and adolescents\u2019 lifestyle, social support and their association with negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"zoi251185r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.793868","article-title":"Digital media use and adolescents\u2019 mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Marciano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251185r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42990","article-title":"The impact of social media on the mental health of adolescents and young adults: a systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"Khalaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251185r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02012-8","article-title":"Impact of mobile phones and wireless devices use on children and adolescents\u2019 mental health: a systematic review.","volume":"33","author":"Girela-Serrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14085","article-title":"Annual research review: Adolescent social media use is not a monolith: toward the study of specific social media components and individual differences.","volume":"66","author":"Maheux","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi251185r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.03.013","article-title":"Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic.","volume":"221","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi251185r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.12.018","article-title":"Gender differences in associations between digital media use and psychological well-being: evidence from three large datasets.","volume":"79","author":"Twenge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09738-7","article-title":"Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251185r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12666","article-title":"Positive and negative online experiences and loneliness in Peruvian adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown.","volume":"31","author":"Magis-Weinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12098-5","article-title":"Gender differences in psychosocial status of adolescents during COVID-19: a six-country cross-sectional survey in Asia Pacific.","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-024-09712-x","article-title":"Teen social interactions and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"23","author":"Kalenkoski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Econ Household"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251185r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211065425","article-title":"The associations of active and passive social media use with well-being: a critical scoping review.","volume":"24","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/RRQ.030","article-title":"Dimensions of reading motivation and their relation to reading behavior and competence.","volume":"47","author":"Schiefele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Read Res Q"},{"key":"zoi251185r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.703251","article-title":"Beyond the educational context: relevance of intrinsic reading motivation during COVID-19 confinement in Spain.","volume":"12","author":"De Sixte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2010.11.001","article-title":"On the effects of motivation on reading performance growth in secondary school.","volume":"21","author":"Retelsdorf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learning Instruction"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020084","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation as predictors of reading literacy: a longitudinal study.","volume":"102","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251185r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/00220574231153183","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on academic activities of academicians in Nepal.","volume":"204","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251185r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03322-1","article-title":"The relationships between school children\u2019s wellbeing, socio-economic disadvantage and after-school activities: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"22","author":"Kennewell","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2012.00883.x","article-title":"Social inequalities in health-related use of time in Australian adolescents.","volume":"36","author":"Ferrar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251185r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/02732170500444593","article-title":"Elementary school students\u2019 extracurricular activities: the effects of participation on achievement and teachers\u2019 evaluations.","volume":"26","author":"Dumais","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sociol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251185r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landig.2025.01.016","article-title":"Potential effects of the social media age ban in Australia for children younger than 16 years.","volume":"7","author":"Fardouly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"zoi251185r46","volume-title":"Childhood in Lockdown: How Are Children and Adolescents Experiencing Confinement? Book in Spanish.?","author":"Mart\u00ednez Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi251185r1","unstructured":"Growing up in Australia: annual statistical report 2018\u2014The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Australian Institute of Family Studies. December 2019. Assessed April 1, 2025. https:\/\/aifs.gov.au\/research\/commissioned-reports\/growing-up-in-australia-2018-asr"},{"key":"zoi251185r3","unstructured":"Christison? C. The benefits of participating in extracurricular activities. BU J Graduate Stud Educ. 2013;5(2):17-20. Accessed May 1, 2025. https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1230758.pdf"},{"key":"zoi251185r29","unstructured":"Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. April 27, 2023. Accessed August 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/people-and-communities\/socio-economic-indexes-areas-seifa-australia\/latest-release"},{"key":"zoi251185r30","unstructured":"Remoteness areas: latest release: Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Australian Bureau of Statistics. March 21, 2023. Accessed October 28, 2024. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/standards\/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3\/jul2021-jun2026\/remoteness-structure\/remoteness-areas"},{"key":"zoi251185r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. Data analysis. In: Wickham H, ed. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer International Publishing; 2016:189-201. Accessed October 7, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"zoi251185r33","unstructured":"Christensen? RHB. Ordinal\u2014regression models for ordinal data. R package version 2023 12\u20134.1. August 19, 2024. Accessed May 1, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ordinal\/ordinal.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2841335\/zhou_2025_oi_251185_1762533809.36605.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:30:39Z","timestamp":1763137839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2841335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.43637","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]}}}