{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:48:03Z","timestamp":1791290883192,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251189-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies suggest that early achievement of full enteral feeding improves clinical outcomes among preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251189-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between full enteral feeding and late-onset sepsis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251189-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary analysis of a cohort study prospectively followed up a multicenter cohort of preterm infants with gestational ages ranging from 23 to 28 weeks born between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021, at 19 US academic centers. Infants without major anomalies who received enteral feedings and survived beyond postnatal day 7 were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251189-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Full enteral feeding (\u2265120 mL\/kg\/d).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251189-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcome was the incidence of late-onset sepsis confirmed through culture-positive results occurring more than 72 hours after birth and treated with antibiotics for 5 or more days. Other clinical outcomes assessed up to 36 weeks of postmenstrual age included necrotizing enterocolitis, death, and growth faltering (weight, length, or head circumference\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      score decrease &amp;amp;gt;1.2). Risk estimates were adjusted for clinical variables associated with acute critical illness and birth year.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251189-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Demographic and clinical data from 15\u202f102 preterm infants were analyzed (mean [SD] maternal age, 28.7 [6.1] years; mean [SD] gestational age, 26.0 [1.6] weeks; mean [SD] birth weight, 875 [242] g; 7648 male [50.6%]). Between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021, the median (IQR) time to achieve full enteral feeding decreased from 18 (14-28) days to 14 (10-22) days, and the incidence of late-onset sepsis decreased from 21.1% to 16.5% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.003). In adjusted analyses, the relative risk of late-onset sepsis per each additional 1-week delay in achieving full enteral feeding was 16% higher (adjusted relative risk [ARR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.14-1.18;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001). Delays in achieving full enteral feeding were also associated with a higher risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (ARR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.16-1.24;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001) and growth faltering in weight (ARR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.07-1.09), length (ARR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.03), and head circumference (ARR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06-1.08;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001 for all).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251189-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort study of preterm infants with gestational ages ranging from 23 to 28 weeks who received enteral feeds and survived beyond postnatal day 7, delays in establishing full enteral feeding were associated with a higher risk of late-onset sepsis. These results suggest that early initiation and advancement of enteral feeding have the potential to reduce the risk of late-onset sepsis, growth faltering, and necrotizing enterocolitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.43940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T16:31:10Z","timestamp":1763397070000},"page":"e2543940","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Time to Full Enteral Feeds and Late-Onset Sepsis in Extremely Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ariel A.","family":"Salas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Elizabeth","family":"Wiener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Trotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Valcarce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Romero-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Ortigoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting Ting","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kera","family":"McNelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Poindexter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, 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