{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:13:07Z","timestamp":1788401587821,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251196-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migrants detained by US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) are at risk of preventable infections from crowding and limited health care. Postpandemic risk remains unclear as detention increases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251196-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess epidemiological patterns of 3 vaccine-preventable diseases within ICE facilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251196-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case series study examined data from January 2019 through October 2023 from ICE facilities managed by ICE Health Services Corp during the study period. All cases of influenza, mumps, and hepatitis A among persons detained in reporting ICE facilities were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251196-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosis of influenza, mumps, or hepatitis A during ICE detention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251196-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcomes were monthly case counts and estimated case rates (per 100\u202f000 person-months), outbreak occurrence and duration, and seasonal and geospatial patterns. Outbreaks were defined as 3 or more cases within a facility over at least 1 month. Seasonal variation was assessed through variations in mean monthly case rates across years with analysis of variance, and Tukey tests were used to compare monthly pairwise permutations for statistical significance. Geospatial trends were evaluated using global and local Moran\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      analyses of annual facility-level case rates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251196-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2019 to 2023, at a total of 20 ICE facilities, there were 2035 influenza cases (mean [SD] age, 33.1 [10.8] years; 1804 [88.6%] men), with a mean of 35.1 cases monthly (range, 0.0-276.0 cases monthly). The mean facility-level monthly case rate was 17.3 cases per 100\u202f000 persons (range, 0.0-720.0 cases per 100\u202f000 persons), lower than national rates. December had the highest case rate (mean [SD], 59.4 [142.0] cases per 100\u202f000 persons) and September the lowest (mean [SD], 6.1 [11.9] cases per 100\u202f000 persons), paralleling national trends. Across 15 facilities, 79 outbreaks occurred involving 1739 cases with a mean duration of 2.5 months (range, 1.0-13.0 months). For mumps, 252 cases were reported (mean [SD] age, 34.3 [9.2] years; 235 [93.3%] men), with a mean of 4.3 cases monthly (range, 0.0-61.0 cases monthly). The mean facility-level monthly case rate was 1.5 cases per 100\u202f000 persons (range, 0.0-160.2 cases per 100\u202f000 persons). June had the highest mean case rate (3.1 cases per 100\u202f000 persons) and February the lowest (0.1 cases per 100\u202f000 persons); 16 outbreaks across 8 facilities involved 177 cases with a mean duration of 1.8 months (range, 1.0-6.0 months). For hepatitis A, there were 486 reported cases (mean [SD] age, 39.2 [10.8] years; 408 [84.0%] men), with a mean of 8.4 cases monthly (range, 0.0-40.0 cases monthly). The mean facility-level monthly case rate was 6.0 cases per 100\u202f000 persons (range, 0.0-273.4 cases per 100\u202f000 persons). July had the highest mean case rate (13.8 cases) and November the lowest (2.3 cases); 33 outbreaks across 11 facilities involved 158 cases with a mean duration of 1.2 months (range, 1.0-2.0 months). No geospatial clusters were found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi251196-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case series found that vaccine-preventable infectious disease burden among individuals detained by ICE varied by season and facility. Mitigation could include decongregation, reduced crowding, vaccinations, and improved infection control procedures to protect migrants and staff.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.44278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T15:31:24Z","timestamp":1761147084000},"page":"e2544278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology of 3 Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases Within US Immigration Detention Centers"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ribhav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Winslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"},{"name":"Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, California"},{"name":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronit","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten H.","family":"Vermund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Office of the Dean, University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa"},{"name":"The Global Virus Network, Tampa, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251196r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20539","article-title":"Influenza, varicella, and mumps outbreaks in US migrant detention 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