{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:51:42Z","timestamp":1791834702279,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Harmonization of neuropsychological assessment for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is important for ensuring the highest standards and consistency of diagnosis. A battery proposed in 2006 by the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Canadian Stroke Network (NINDS-CSN) has received much international support. Considering significant advances in the field, including the rise of computerized and remote assessment methods, a revision is needed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To develop an updated harmonized battery and associated assessment guidelines for VCID.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Review<\/jats:title>\n NINDS-CSN and other relevant published harmonized neuropsychological batteries, aided by literature review of recent developments in VCID, were used as reference points for an online Delphi survey (\u22653 rounds, \u226575% threshold for agreement), including questions on a core test battery based on key cognitive domains that should be assessed for VCID, consideration of computerized and remote assessment methods, and assessment of diverse populations. International experts in neuropsychological assessment from diverse international regions were invited to participate in 2023. Data were analyzed from October 11, 2023, to June 20, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n A total of 44 experts participated in 3 survey rounds, with 28 to 31 participants each. Consensus was reached on a core assessment battery of neuropsychological tests based on key cognitive domains, and additional guidelines for a more comprehensive test battery, cognitive screening, telehealth and computerized assessment methods, principles for normative standardization, and the assessment of diverse populations. The key cognitive domains were harmonized with the International Society for Vascular Behavioural and Cognitive Disorders version 2 World Stroke Organization (VasCog-2-WSO) diagnostic criteria for VCID.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This consensus statement describes the development of a harmonized neuropsychological assessment battery and guidelines for VCID (VasCog-NP) that expands on the NINDS-CSN battery with more comprehensive and flexible assessment of VCID. Harmonized with the VasCog-2-WSO diagnostic criteria, VasCog-NP could be adopted internationally to further help more consistent neuropsychological evaluations related to VCID, facilitating global comparisons for clinicians and researchers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.47948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T16:00:17Z","timestamp":1765296017000},"page":"e2547948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Consensus-Harmonized Neuropsychological Assessment for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Bentvelzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Kochan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danit G.","family":"Saks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell J.","family":"Chander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Koncz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stina","family":"Aam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto S.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Briceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Brodtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Health Initiative, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cerami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Brain e-Health Aging Laboratory, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Una","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Institute Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucette","family":"Cysique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Psychology, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Deary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"DeCarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, and Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Dodich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Godefroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela C. C.","family":"Jochems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Institute Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Jokinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropsychology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonwook","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frini","family":"Karayanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy P. C.","family":"Kessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud UMC Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iiris","family":"Kyl\u00e4heiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol and Drug Service, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika J.","family":"Laukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Marseglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Pase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Salvadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Shirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology & Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Kenji","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew J.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychology, School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Vandermorris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology & Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon P.","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology & Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perminder S.","family":"Sachdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.04.002","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia subtypes in United States Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, 2011-2013.","volume":"13","author":"Goodman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"9","key":"zcs250008r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association.","volume":"42","author":"Gorelick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"zcs250008r3","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts.","volume":"54","author":"Lobo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"zcs250008r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.447","article-title":"Prevalence and outcomes of vascular cognitive impairment.","volume":"54","author":"Rockwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"zcs250008r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.606277","article-title":"Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment: a study with neuropsychological evaluation.","volume":"42","author":"Godefroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9","key":"zcs250008r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47","article-title":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards.","volume":"37","author":"Hachinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"zcs250008r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.6.566","article-title":"A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia.","volume":"140","author":"Hughes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zcs250008r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.633586","article-title":"MoCA, ACE-R, and MMSE versus the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards Neuropsychological Battery after TIA and stroke.","volume":"43","author":"Pendlebury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000034","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement.","volume":"28","author":"Sachdev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"zcs250008r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181","article-title":"Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach.","volume":"10","author":"Sachdev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zcs250008r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00131-X","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease-advances since 2013.","volume":"22","author":"Duering","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zcs250008r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration.","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12221","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"23","key":"zcs250008r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000505","article-title":"Presence and progression of white matter hyperintensities and cognition: a meta-analysis.","volume":"82","author":"Kloppenborg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211012837","article-title":"Cognitive impact of cerebral microbleeds in patients with symptomatic small vessel disease.","volume":"17","author":"Nannoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12650","article-title":"The clinical profile of cerebral small vessel disease: Toward an evidence-based identification of cognitive markers.","volume":"19","author":"Salvadori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141449","article-title":"Development and psychometric properties of a neuropsychological battery for mild cognitive impairment with small vessel disease: the VMCI-Tuscany Study.","volume":"43","author":"Salvadori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12039","article-title":"The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment not demented: a meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Vasquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0104-7","article-title":"Clinical and imaging features of mixed Alzheimer and vascular pathologies.","volume":"7","author":"Chui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.670","article-title":"Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests.","volume":"53","author":"Looi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015384","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in Alzheimer\u2019s and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"Mathias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25246","article-title":"Combined neuropathological pathways account for age-related risk of dementia.","volume":"84","author":"Power","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zcs250008r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000115108.65264.4B","article-title":"The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment in stroke and TIA patients.","volume":"62","author":"Sachdev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5900","article-title":"A neuropsychological profile and its correlation with neuroimaging markers in patients with subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia.","volume":"38","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"zcs250008r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18003","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.3","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment.","volume":"4","author":"van der Flier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"zcs250008r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171097","article-title":"Differentiating between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular cognitive impairment: is the \u201cmemory versus executive function\u201d contrast still relevant?","volume":"63","author":"Andriuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000213865.09806.92","article-title":"The Uniform Data Set (UDS): clinical and cognitive variables and descriptive data from Alzheimer Disease Centers.","volume":"20","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"zcs250008r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0270-z","article-title":"Validation of NINDS-CSN neuropsychological battery for vascular cognitive impairment in Chinese stroke patients.","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"zcs250008r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.44.suppl_1.ATP440","article-title":"Abstract TP440: The Discriminant Validity of the NINDS-CSN Harmonization Neurocognitive Battery in Detecting VCI in Singaporean Patients with Ischemic Stroke and TIA.","volume":"44","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"zcs250008r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2013.07.009","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment and cerebral vascular disease: the new standards.","volume":"169","author":"Godefroy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"6","key":"zcs250008r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156404","article-title":"Validation of NINDS-VCI neuropsychology protocols for vascular cognitive impairment in Taiwan.","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"zcs250008r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304041","article-title":"The NINDS-Canadian stroke network vascular cognitive impairment neuropsychology protocols in Chinese.","volume":"84","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.668343","article-title":"Cognitive impairment evaluated with Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards in a multicenter prospective stroke cohort in Korea.","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igy038","article-title":"Mobile technology for cognitive assessment of older adults: a scoping review.","volume":"3","author":"Koo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1337932","article-title":"Practice parameters facilitating adoption of advanced technologies for enhancing neuropsychological assessment paradigms.","volume":"32","author":"Parsons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12365","article-title":"Harmonizing neuropsychological assessment for mild neurocognitive disorders in Europe.","volume":"18","author":"Boccardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1722244","article-title":"American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on uniform labeling of performance test scores.","volume":"34","author":"Guilmette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zcs250008r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa046","article-title":"Inter-Organizational Practice Committee recommendations\/guidance for teleneuropsychology in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"35","author":"Bilder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zcs250008r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9349-1","article-title":"Neuropsychological test administration by videoconference: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Brearly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"zcs250008r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acad108","article-title":"Investigating equivalence of in-person and telehealth-based neuropsychological assessment performance for individuals being investigated for younger onset dementia.","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1792318","article-title":"Acceptability of telehealth in post-stroke memory rehabilitation: a qualitative analysis.","volume":"32","author":"Lawson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"zcs250008r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccb.2023.100173","article-title":"Teleneuropsychology for vascular cognitive impairment: which tools do we have?","volume":"5","author":"Salvadori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb Circ Cogn Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"zcs250008r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1717-7","article-title":"Impact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia.","volume":"134","author":"Kapasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"24","key":"zcs250008r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2454","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200304","article-title":"Trajectories of cognitive decline in brain donors with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular disease.","volume":"98","author":"Frank","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"24","key":"zcs250008r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24","article-title":"Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons.","volume":"69","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"zcs250008r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216317690685","article-title":"Guidance on Conducting and Reporting Delphi Studies (CREDES) in palliative care: recommendations based on a methodological systematic review.","volume":"31","author":"J\u00fcnger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zcs250008r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00211-7","article-title":"Delphi as a method to establish consensus for diagnostic criteria.","volume":"56","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002","article-title":"Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies.","volume":"67","author":"Diamond","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zcs250008r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415600891","article-title":"Using the Delphi expert consensus method in mental health research.","volume":"49","author":"Jorm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.09.007","article-title":"Progress toward standardized diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: guidelines from the Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study.","volume":"14","author":"Skrobot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"6","key":"zcs250008r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.10.007","article-title":"The Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study.","volume":"13","author":"Skrobot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"2","key":"zcs250008r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.250","article-title":"Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop.","volume":"43","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living.","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"zcs250008r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.3242","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia\u2014The VasCog-2-WSO Criteria.","author":"Sachdev","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"zcs250008r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00254-X","article-title":"Neuropsychological differentiation of small vessel disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mixed dementia.","volume":"203-204","author":"Schmidtke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"zcs250008r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1159\/000511945","article-title":"Distance assessment for detecting cognitive impairment in older adults: a systematic review of psychometric evidence.","volume":"49","author":"Binng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28368","article-title":"A new remote guided method for supervised web-based cognitive testing to ensure high-quality data: development and usability study.","volume":"24","author":"Leong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r60","first-page":"8","article-title":"The Feasibility of at-home iPad cognitive testing for use in clinical trials.","volume":"3","author":"Rentz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"zcs250008r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve.","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"zcs250008r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.5.755.1132","article-title":"Regression equations in clinical neuropsychology: an evaluation of statistical methods for comparing predicted and obtained scores.","volume":"20","author":"Crawford","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zcs250008r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.21.4.572.882","article-title":"Further crossvalidation of regression-based neuropsychological norms with an update for the Boston Naming Test.","volume":"21","author":"Heaton","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709990750","article-title":"The utility of regression-based norms in interpreting the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS).","volume":"16","author":"Parmenter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021818765997","article-title":"A cross-linguistic comparison of category and letter fluency: Mandarin and English.","volume":"72","author":"Eng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"issue":"1","key":"zcs250008r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140276","article-title":"Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment improves diagnostic precision, biomarker associations, and progression rates.","volume":"42","author":"Bondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"zcs250008r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.12.012","article-title":"Operationalizing the diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment: the salience of objective measures in predicting incident dementia.","volume":"25","author":"Brodaty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"zcs250008r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181d6b6a9","article-title":"Effect of different impairment criteria on prevalence of \u201cobjective\u201d mild cognitive impairment in a community sample.","volume":"18","author":"Kochan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zcs250008r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity.","volume":"256","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"zcs250008r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"zcs250008r66","unstructured":"Signature Consortium. Clinical use of social cognition measures for the assessment of neurocognitive disorders. Updated May 28, 2024. Accessed March 11, 2025. https:\/\/sites.google.com\/unitn.it\/signature-initiative\/home"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2842572\/bentvelzen_2025_cs_250008_1764783107.73283.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T16:00:19Z","timestamp":1765296019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2842572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.47948","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}