{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:39:09Z","timestamp":1789731549501,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n \n Prior studies report negative associations between prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (ie, aerodynamic diameter &amp;lt;2.5 \u00b5g; PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ) and birth weight, but have typically averaged exposure across pregnancy, which may not reveal windows of susceptibility.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To identify windows of prenatal susceptibility to PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively enrolled cohort study. Participants were enrolled at 1 of 50 sites participating in the US Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort. The study included full-term, singleton births occurring between September 2003 and December 2021. Statistical analyses were conducted from March 2024 to February 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n \n Daily residential PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure was estimated using a machine-learning model covering the contiguous US and mean exposure estimates were calculated for each week of pregnancy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Bayesian distributed lag interaction models were used to examine cumulative and week-specific associations between PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure and birth weight for gestational age (BWGA)\n z<\/jats:italic>\n scores. Interactions with sex, race and ethnicity, and region were also examined.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The sample of 16\u202f868 mother-newborn pairs (maternal mean [SD] age, 30.4 [5.5] years; 605 [3.6%] Asian, 2197 [13.0%] Black or Black-Hispanic, 3407 [20.2%] Hispanic, 9251 [54.8%] non-Hispanic White, and 1408 [8.4%] other) included 15\u202f806 unique mothers and 1062 mothers with 2 or more children in the study. Mean (SD) weekly PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure during pregnancy was relatively low, at 8.03 (2.3) \u00b5g\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , and overall mean (SD) birth weight was 3410.7 (464.5) g. In the sample overall, there was a negative association between PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure and BWGA\n z<\/jats:italic>\n score (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.06; 95% credible interval [CrI], \u22120.10 to \u22120.03), with a critical window in early gestation (weeks 1-5) that persisted only among males (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.06; 95% CrI, \u22120.10 to \u22120.02). When examining differences by region, there were negative associations in the Northeast (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.09; 95% CrI, \u22120.15 to \u22120.03), Midwest (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.11; 95% CrI, \u22120.17 to \u22120.05; critical window, 12-18 weeks), and South (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.18; 95% CrI, \u22120.17 to \u22120.05; critical window, 3-9 weeks).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n In this cohort study, higher PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure was associated with lower BWGA\n z<\/jats:italic>\n score, with critical windows identified during early pregnancy to midpregnancy; however, findings varied by sex and region. Understanding windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures can help guide research on underlying biological processes and can inform strategies for limiting exposure during certain periods of pregnancy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.51459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T16:30:43Z","timestamp":1766766643000},"page":"e2551459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Air Pollution Exposure and Birth Weight in the ECHO Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Whitney","family":"Cowell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics & Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Hsien Leon","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine & Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan C.","family":"Just","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Kloog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine & Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. 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