{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:59:10Z","timestamp":1774425550072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Nutritional status is a key determinant of child health. While undernutrition and stunting persist among vulnerable populations, overweight and obesity have emerged as growing public health concerns. Quantifying these conditions across subpopulations is essential for guiding interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To describe and compare height-for-age and body mass index (BMI)\u2013for-age adequacy, including the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and stunting, among low-income children in Brazil by region, age, sex, and ethnoracial group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study used administrative health records of 6\u202f494\u202f753 Brazilian children aged 0 to 10 years who were born between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2015, and were enrolled in the public primary health care system. Data were obtained from 3 administrative databases\u2014the Unified Registry, Live Birth Information System, and Food and Nutrition Surveillance System\u2014and evaluated at 9 years of age until December 31, 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics, and prevalence estimates were presented with SEs. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2024, to June 31, 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Demographic characteristics (age, sex, and ethnoracial group) and geographic region of residence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Anthropometric adequacy was assessed using height-for-age and BMI-for-age\n z<\/jats:italic>\n scores, classified according to World Health Organization standards. Outcomes included the prevalence of stunting (height-for-age\n z<\/jats:italic>\n scores less than \u22122), overweight (BMI-for-age\n z<\/jats:italic>\n scores greater than 1), and obesity (BMI-for-age\n z<\/jats:italic>\n scores greater than 2), reported overall and by subgroups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Among the 6\u202f494\u202f753 million children, 51.48% were female, with a mean (SD) age of 3.6 (2.8) years. In terms of race and ethnicity, 0.26% were Asian; 3.84%, Black; 0.90%, Indigenous; 61.71%, Parda; and 28.72%, White; 4.57% had missing or inconsistent data. Overall, 433\u202f754 children (6.68%) experienced stunting, 818\u202f967 (12.61%) had overweight, and 489\u202f541 (7.54%) had obesity. Estimated obesity prevalence (SE) at 5 years of age was 8.48% (0.02%), increasing to 10.09% (0.05%) at 9 years of age. Obesity was more frequent boys (14.12% [0.12%]) than girls (10.09% [0.05%]) at 9 years of age. Among girls, obesity prevalence (SE) was 11.8% (0.09%) among those who identified as White, 9.12% (0.06%) among those who identified as Parda, and 7.46% (0.48%) among those who identified as Indigenous.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This large-scale cohort study highlights persistent regional and ethnoracial disparities in both growth faltering and excess weight gain. The coexistence of undernutrition and obesity in the same population underscores the urgency for targeted nutrition and health policies in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.53530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:30:50Z","timestamp":1769099450000},"page":"e2553530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Overweight, Obesity, and Growth Faltering Among Low-Income Children in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Velasquez-Melendez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Santiago-Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Bahia, Salvador, 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Dias","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabete","family":"de Jesus Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias da Sa\u00fade, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klara Narumi","family":"de Hamada Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia Moreira","family":"de Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Exact 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