{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:39:54Z","timestamp":1793507994750,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emergency departments (EDs) serve patients at high risk for overdose. There is increasing interest in peer-delivered ED interventions for substance use but little rigorous research on their effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the effectiveness of an initiative (Relay) operated by the New York City Health Department that dispatches trained peer wellness advocates (WAs) to support ED patients after a nonfatal opioid overdose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized clinical trial compared Relay and site-directed care (SDC) at 4 EDs in New York, New York. Adult patients presenting after opioid-involved overdose were enrolled from October 6, 2020, to June 30, 2022, with 12 months of outcome follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed from November 4, 2024, to May 6, 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ED workers (generally physicians) called the Relay hotline for patients presenting after a suspected opioid-involved overdose. WAs met patients in the ED to provide peer support and brief overdose risk reduction education. WAs attempted to contact patients for 90 days to provide ongoing support, education, and referrals using a harm reduction framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioid-related adverse events (any opioid-involved overdose [fatal or nonfatal] or any other substance use\u2013related ED visit) in the 12 months after enrollment were identified using health care administrative data plus self-report.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among a total of 253 participants randomized, 127 were randomized to the Relay arm and 126 to the SDC arm. A total of 247 participants, 125 in the Relay arm and 122 in the SDC arm (190 [76.9%] men; 80 [32.4%] Black, 126 [51.0%] Hispanic or Latinx, 76 [30.8%] White, and 91 other race [36.8%]), were included in the intention-to-treat analyses. No statistically significant differences between arms were observed for the primary outcome (mean [SD] opioid-related adverse events, 3.29 [4.52] in the Relay arm and 4.10 [9.36] in the SDC arm; rate ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.72-1.45;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.90). By 12 months after enrollment, 24 participants (9.7%) had died (17 [70.8%] due to overdose). Relay participants reported high satisfaction with the ED intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized clinical trial examining the impact of an ED peer navigator intervention on subsequent opioid-related adverse events did not find significant outcome differences for Relay vs SDC participants. These findings highlight the importance of intervening to save lives in this high-risk population and suggest potential refinements to future ED peer intervention research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04317053\">NCT04317053<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.55903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T16:30:26Z","timestamp":1770395426000},"page":"e2555903","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Peer Navigator Intervention and Opioid-Related Adverse Events for Emergency Department Patients"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Doran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"},{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice E.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey L.","family":"Kepler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Jeffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Chambless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"},{"name":"Now with Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Wittman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Regina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, St Barnabas Hospital, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika S.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasna","family":"Rostam-Abadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary V.","family":"Kunins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York"},{"name":"Now with San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marya","family":"Gwadz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Shelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"McNeely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"zoi251489r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1811988","article-title":"Emergency departments - a 24\/7\/365 option for combating the opioid crisis.","volume":"379","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251489r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.04.020","article-title":"One-year mortality of patients after emergency department treatment for nonfatal opioid overdose.","volume":"75","author":"Weiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"zoi251489r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106359","article-title":"The design and conduct of a randomized clinical trial comparing emergency department initiation of sublingual versus a 7-day extended-release injection formulation of buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: Project ED Innovation.","volume":"104","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi251489r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.17128","article-title":"High-dose buprenorphine induction in the emergency department for treatment of opioid use disorder.","volume":"4","author":"Herring","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi251489r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307710","article-title":"Scaling emergency department opioid use disorder treatment across California to reduce overdose deaths, 2019\u20132023.","volume":"114","author":"Samuels","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"zoi251489r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108009","article-title":"A systematic review of opioid overdose interventions delivered within emergency departments.","volume":"213","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"zoi251489r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05311-0","article-title":"\u201cIf it wasn\u2019t for him, I wouldn\u2019t have talked to them\u201d: qualitative study of addiction peer mentorship in the hospital.","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi251489r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09387-7","article-title":"Experiences of patients at high risk of opioid overdose accessing emergency department and behavioral health interventions: a qualitative analysis in an urban emergency department.","volume":"23","author":"Collins","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"zoi251489r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.01.003","article-title":"Peer-delivered recovery support services for addictions in the United States: a systematic review.","volume":"63","author":"Bassuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi251489r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16581","article-title":"Effect of a peer-led emergency department behavioral intervention on non-fatal opioid overdose: 18-month outcome in the Navigator randomized controlled trial.","volume":"119","author":"Chambers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi251489r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2225582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.25582","article-title":"Effect of a peer-led behavioral intervention for emergency department patients at high risk of fatal opioid overdose: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"5","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi251489r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.07.013","article-title":"Peer navigation and take-home naloxone for opioid overdose emergency department patients: Preliminary patient outcomes.","volume":"94","author":"Samuels","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi251489r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305202","article-title":"Relay: a peer-delivered emergency department-based response to nonfatal opioid overdose.","volume":"109","author":"Welch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"zoi251489r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2023.107111","article-title":"Study protocol for a multisite randomized controlled trial of a peer navigator intervention for emergency department patients with nonfatal opioid overdose.","volume":"126","author":"Doran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi251489r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials.","volume":"152","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi251489r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.018","article-title":"A pilot randomized clinical trial of an intervention to reduce overdose risk behaviors among emergency department patients at risk for prescription opioid overdose.","volume":"163","author":"Bohnert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251489r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13121","article-title":"Performance measures of diagnostic codes for detecting opioid overdose in the emergency department.","volume":"24","author":"Rowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi251489r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.3422","article-title":"Addiction consultation services for opioid use disorder treatment initiation and engagement: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"184","author":"McNeely","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi251489r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308270","article-title":"Opioid overdose mortality among patients receiving a peer-delivered, emergency department\u2013based nonfatal opioid overdose intervention in New York City, 2017-2023.","author":"Kepler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi251489r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278715605883","article-title":"Identifying those whom health promotion hardly reaches: a systematic review.","volume":"38","author":"Sokol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"zoi251489r26","author":"Tuazon","journal-title":"Epi Data Brief"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251489r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7006a4","article-title":"Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths - United States, 2013-2019.","volume":"70","author":"Mattson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi251489r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16357","article-title":"Opioid-related overdose deaths among people experiencing homelessness, 2017 to 2021: a population-based analysis using coroner and health administrative data from Ontario, Canada.","volume":"119","author":"Booth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"zoi251489r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107127","article-title":"To curb research misreporting, replace significance and confidence by compatibility: a Preventive Medicine Golden Jubilee article.","volume":"164","author":"Greenland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251489r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.06.003","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s gonna be a lifeline\u201d: findings from focus group research to investigate what people who use opioids want from peer-based postoverdose interventions in the emergency department.","volume":"76","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"zoi251489r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.04.011","article-title":"\u201cAnother tool for the tool box? I\u2019ll take it!\u201d: Feasibility and acceptability of mobile recovery outreach teams (MROT) for opioid overdose patients in the emergency room.","volume":"108","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"zoi251489r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209542","article-title":"Implementation of a peer-delivered opioid overdose response initiative in New York City emergency departments: insight from multi-stakeholder qualitative interviews.","volume":"168","author":"Goldberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Subst Use Addict Treat"},{"key":"zoi251489r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.07.011","article-title":"Negotiating space & drug use in emergency shelters with peer witness injection programs within the context of an overdose crisis: a qualitative study.","volume":"53","author":"Bardwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"zoi251489r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.023","article-title":"Characterizing peer roles in an overdose crisis: preferences for peer workers in overdose response programs in emergency shelters.","volume":"190","author":"Bardwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"14","key":"zoi251489r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/WVVL4786","article-title":"A peer-delivered intervention to reduce harm and improve the well-being of homeless people with problem substance use: the SHARPS feasibility mixed-methods study.","volume":"26","author":"Parkes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"zoi251489r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108411","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers to post-overdose service delivery in Rhode Island emergency departments: a qualitative evaluation.","volume":"130","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"22","key":"zoi251489r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212073","article-title":"Peer support and overdose prevention responses: a systematic \u2018state-of-the-art\u2019 review.","volume":"18","author":"Mercer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"zoi251489r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105813","article-title":"A scoping review of post opioid-overdose interventions.","volume":"128","author":"Bagley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi251489r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14054","article-title":"Emergency department-initiated interventions for patients with opioid use disorder: a systematic review.","volume":"27","author":"Kaczorowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251489r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e243614","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3614","article-title":"Emergency department peer support program and patient outcomes after opioid overdose.","volume":"7","author":"Treitler","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi251489r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108270","article-title":"A brief telephone-delivered peer intervention to encourage enrollment in medication for opioid use disorder in individuals surviving an opioid overdose: results from a randomized pilot trial.","volume":"216","author":"Winhusen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi251489r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001162","article-title":"A peer recovery coach intervention for hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial.","volume":"17","author":"Suzuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251489r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13654","article-title":"Review article: Rapid review of the emergency department-initiated buprenorphine for opioid use disorder.","volume":"32","author":"Salter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi251489r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2022.09.025","article-title":"Effectiveness of substance use navigation for emergency department patients with substance use disorders: an implementation study.","volume":"81","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi251489r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3474","article-title":"Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine\/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"313","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi251489r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-3993-2","article-title":"Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine for opioid dependence with continuation in primary care: outcomes during and after intervention.","volume":"32","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi251489r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2022.108837","article-title":"Emergency department interventions for opioid use disorder: a synthesis of emerging models.","volume":"141","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi251489r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2423954","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.23954","article-title":"Opioid overdose after medication for opioid use disorder initiation following hospitalization or ED visit.","volume":"7","author":"Weiner","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi251489r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.06.013","article-title":"Emergency department-based peer support for opioid use disorder: emergent functions and forms.","volume":"108","author":"McGuire","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"zoi251489r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"zoi251489r1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Overdose Deaths Decrease in 2023, First Time Since 2018. Accessed June 20, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/releases\/20240515.html"},{"key":"zoi251489r20","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National health care surveys. indicator ICD-10-CM codes: drug use hospital data. Accessed October 31, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/dhcs\/drug-use\/icd10-codes.htm"},{"key":"zoi251489r22","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2024. Accessed June 20, 2025. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"zoi251489r23","unstructured":"PASS 2021 Power Analysis and Sample Size Software NCSS LLC; 2021. Accessed June 20, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncss.com\/software\/pass\/"},{"key":"zoi251489r28","unstructured":"Ahmad? FB, Cisewski? JA, Rossen? LM, . Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics; 2023. Accessed June 20, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2844716\/doran_2026_oi_251489_1769708105.20669.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T16:30:29Z","timestamp":1770395429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2844716"}},"subtitle":["A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.55903","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]}}}