{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:57:33Z","timestamp":1784393853152,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Infant milk feeding type (eg, human milk vs formula) and infant gut microbes have each been associated with differences in microbial metabolites and childhood blood pressure; however, evidence remains limited regarding how specific infant gut microbes, at a species or strain level, in combination with milk feeding type, shape microbial metabolites and blood pressure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To investigate whether human milk feeding and infant gut microbes, including\n Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>\n subsp\n infantis<\/jats:italic>\n (\n B infantis<\/jats:italic>\n ) and other milk-degrading microbes, are associated with infant fecal metabolites and childhood systolic blood pressure (SBP).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study was part of the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) cohort study, a prospective multicenter, contemporary, population-based cohort of pregnant mothers and their offspring recruited between 2009 and 2012. Data were collected from 2009 to 2018 and analyzed from January to December 2024. Participants included a subset of children born at 35 weeks of gestation or later without congenital abnormalities or respiratory distress syndrome and with available data on gut microbiome, fecal metabolome, SBP, and covariates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Gut microbiome, fecal metabolome, and human milk feeding status at ages 3 months and 1 year.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Age-, sex-, and height-specific SBP percentile, measured at ages 3 and 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of children (610 [46.1%] girls; 982 children [74.2%] delivered vaginally; mean [SD] maternal age at delivery, 33.3 [4.5] years) were included. At age 3 months, but not at age 1 year, human milk feeding and presence of\n B infantis<\/jats:italic>\n showed interactive associations with infant fecal metabolites at ages 3 months and 1 year and SBP at ages 3 and 5 years. Among infants harboring\n B infantis<\/jats:italic>\n at age 3 months, mixed feeding (difference, \u221214.81 [95% CI, \u221227.05 to \u22122.56] percentile) and exclusive human milk feeding (difference, \u221217.16 [95% CI, \u221229.48 to \u22124.83] percentile) were associated with a lower childhood SBP, whereas no association was observed among infants without\n B infantis<\/jats:italic>\n . Several additional infant gut microbes (eg,\n Eggerthella lenta<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Veillonella dispar<\/jats:italic>\n ) and fecal metabolites (eg, creatinine, succinic acid) also demonstrated feeding- or\n B infantis<\/jats:italic>\n \u2013dependent associations with childhood SBP.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n In this cohort study, early-life interactions between human milk feeding and\n B infantis<\/jats:italic>\n , among other bacteria, were associated with the infant fecal metabolome and childhood SBP, underscoring the potential importance of early-life nutrition-microbe interplay in cardiometabolic health.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.59385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:30:24Z","timestamp":1771000224000},"page":"e2559385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Human Milk and Infant Gut Microbiome in Association With Infant Fecal Metabolome and Child Blood Pressure"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tiange","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Division of Women\u2019s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charisse","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo 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B.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kozeta","family":"Miliku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"},{"name":"Human Milk Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"},{"name":"Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Turvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel T.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"},{"name":"Lifecourse Epidemiology of 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