{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:15:02Z","timestamp":1792826102162,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>The oral microbiome likely plays key roles in human health. Yet, population-representative characterizations are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To characterize the composition, diversity, and correlates of the oral microbiome in US adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the population-representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2012. Microbiome data were made publicly available in 2024. NHANES participants were aged 18 to 69 years and provided oral rinse samples in 1 of 2 consecutive NHANES cycles (2009-2010 and 2011-2012).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric, metabolic, and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Oral microbiome measures, characterized through 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, included \u03b1 diversity (observed amplicon sequence variants [ASVs], Faith phylogenetic diversity, Shannon-Weiner Index, and Simpson Index); \u03b2 diversity (unweighted UniFrac, weighted UniFrac, and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity); and prevalence and relative abundance at phylum level through genus level. Analyses accounted for the NHANES complex sample design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>This study included 8237 US adults aged 18 to 69 years, representing 202\u202f314\u202f000 individuals (102 813 000 men [50.8%]; mean [SD] age, 42.3 [14.4] years; 9.3% self-reported as Mexican American, 12.1% as non-Hispanic Black, 64.7% as non-Hispanic White, 5.9% as other Hispanic, and 8.1% as other non-Hispanic individuals). The oral microbiome encompassed 37 bacterial phyla, 99 classes, 212 orders, 446 families, and 1219 genera. Five phyla (Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria,<\/jats:italic> and Fusobacteria<\/jats:italic>) and 6 genera (Veillonella, Streptococcus, Prevotella 7, Rothia, Actinomyces,<\/jats:italic> and Gemella<\/jats:italic>) were present in nearly all US adults (weighted prevalence, &amp;gt;99%). These genera were the most abundant, accounting for 65.7% of total abundance. Observed ASVs showed a quadratic pattern with age (peak at 30 years), were similar by sex, significantly lower among non-Hispanic White individuals, and increased with greater body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, and periodontal disease severity. All covariates together accounted for a modest proportion of oral microbiome variability as measured by \u03b2 diversity: R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20098.7% (95% CI, 8.4%-9.1%) for unweighted UniFrac, R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20097.2% (95% CI, 6.6%-7.7%) for weighted UniFrac, and R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20096.3% (95% CI, 3.1%-6.7%) for Bray-Curtis matrices. By contrast, relative abundance of a few genera explained a high percentage of variability in \u03b2 diversity for weighted UniFrac: Aggregatibacter<\/jats:italic> (R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200922.4%; 95% CI, 22.1%-22.8%), Lactococcus<\/jats:italic> (R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200921.6%; 95% CI, 20.9%-22.3%), and Haemophilus<\/jats:italic> (R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200918.4%; 95% CI, 18.1%-18.8%). Prevalence and relative abundance of numerous genera were associated with age, race and ethnicity, smoking, BMI categories, alcohol use, and periodontal disease severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>This cross-sectional study of the oral microbiome in US adults showed that a few genera were universally present and a different set of genera explained a high percentage of oral microbiome diversity across the population. This comprehensive characterization provides a contemporary reference standard for future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.8283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T15:00:38Z","timestamp":1746457238000},"page":"e258283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Oral Microbiome Profile of the US Population"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Vogtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Blaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Bokulich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Gregory","family":"Caporaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura L.","family":"Gillison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry I.","family":"Graubard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Autumn G.","family":"Hullings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Management Services, Calverton, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Purandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal D.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian C.","family":"Abnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6596","key":"zoi250301r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn1890","article-title":"The effects of oral microbiota on health.","volume":"376","author":"Tuganbaev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7402","key":"zoi250301r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome.","volume":"486","author":"Human Microbiome Project Consortium","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250301r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182","article-title":"The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease.","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250301r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515606045","article-title":"Oral microbiome metabolism: from \u201cwho are they?\u201d to \u201cwhat are they doing?\u201d","volume":"94","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"zoi250301r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09699","article-title":"Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on the role of microbiota in blood pressure regulation: current status and future directions.","author":"Raizada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"9499","key":"zoi250301r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67728-8","article-title":"Periodontal diseases.","volume":"366","author":"Pihlstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi250301r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.4777","article-title":"Association of oral microbiome with risk for incident head and neck squamous cell cancer.","volume":"4","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"zoi250301r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2022.106305","article-title":"Oral microbiome and risk of incident head and neck cancer: a nested case-control study.","volume":"137","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250301r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djac149","article-title":"The oral microbiome and lung cancer risk: an analysis of 3 prospective cohort studies.","volume":"114","author":"Vogtmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250301r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312580","article-title":"Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study.","volume":"67","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250301r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0288","article-title":"The human microbiome in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies.","volume":"29","author":"Huybrechts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"zoi250301r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.03.006","article-title":"Sociodemographic variation in the oral microbiome.","volume":"35","author":"Renson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250301r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00451-20","article-title":"Assessing the variation within the oral microbiome of healthy adults.","volume":"5","author":"Nearing","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250301r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00639-19","article-title":"Racial differences in the oral microbiome: data from low-income populations of African ancestry and European ancestry.","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250301r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00343-7","article-title":"The salivary microbiome shows a high prevalence of core bacterial members yet variability across human populations.","volume":"8","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250301r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00333-0","article-title":"Representative oral microbiome data for the US population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.","volume":"4","author":"Vogtmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250301r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-2843","article-title":"NHANES 2009-2012 findings: association of sexual behaviors with higher prevalence of oral oncogenic human papillomavirus infections in U.S. men.","volume":"75","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi250301r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10508","article-title":"Prevalence of oral HPV infection in unvaccinated men and women in the United States, 2009-2016.","volume":"322","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250301r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.101","article-title":"Prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States, 2009-2010.","volume":"307","author":"Gillison","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250301r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00009-15","article-title":"Improved bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V4 and V4-5) and fungal internal transcribed spacer marker gene primers for microbial community surveys.","volume":"1","author":"Walters","year":"2015","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250301r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522149113","article-title":"Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale.","volume":"113","author":"Mark Welch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250301r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.097","article-title":"Spatial ecology of the human tongue dorsum microbiome.","volume":"30","author":"Wilbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi250301r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"zoi250301r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8986.1","article-title":"Bioconductor workflow for microbiome data analysis: from raw reads to community analyses.","volume":"5","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi250301r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data.","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi250301r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2.","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"zoi250301r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools.","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250301r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.00652.x","article-title":"Predictive margins with survey data.","volume":"55","author":"Graubard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250301r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioadv\/vbac044","article-title":"fast.adonis: A computationally efficient non-parametric multivariate analysis of microbiome data for large-scale studies.","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinform Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi250301r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R42","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-6-r42","article-title":"Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples.","volume":"13","author":"Segata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi250301r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0538","article-title":"Evaluation of buccal cell samples for studies of oral microbiota.","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi250301r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3981","article-title":"Assessment of variation in microbial community amplicon sequencing by the Microbiome Quality Control (MBQC) project consortium.","volume":"35","author":"Sinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi250301r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212474","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and oral microbiota in low-income and African-American populations.","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi250301r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.114379","article-title":"\u201cRed complex\u201d (Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) in endodontic infections: a molecular approach.","volume":"91","author":"R\u00f4\u00e7as","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi250301r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02117-w","article-title":"Elucidating the role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in racial and ethnic health disparities.","volume":"21","author":"Byrd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"zoi250301r17","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010. Accessed January 2024. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/default.aspx?BeginYear=2009"},{"key":"zoi250301r18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. Accessed January 2024. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/default.aspx?BeginYear=2011"},{"key":"zoi250301r22","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 oral microbiome data documentation. Updated November 2024. Accessed February 13, 2025. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/omp\/OralMicrobiomeDataDocumentation-508.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2833519\/chaturvedi_2025_oi_250301_1745610427.53836.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T15:00:41Z","timestamp":1746457241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2833519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.8283","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]}}}