{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:48:24Z","timestamp":1791877704721,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n The role of pesticide exposure from golf courses in Parkinson disease (PD) risk remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess whether proximity to golf courses is associated with increased PD risk and to use information on groundwater vulnerability and municipal well locations to investigate drinking water contamination as a potential route of exposure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This case-control study included patients with incident PD and matched controls from the Rochester Epidemiology Project from 1991 to 2015. Data were analyzed between June and August 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Distance to golf courses, living in water service areas with a golf course, living in water service areas in vulnerable groundwater regions, living in water service areas with shallow municipal wells, and living in water service areas with a municipal well on a golf course.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Risk of incident PD. All models adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, year of index, median household income, and urban or rural category.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 419 incident PD cases were identified (median [IQR] age, 73 [65-80] years; 257 male [61.3%]) with 5113 matched controls (median [IQR] age, 72 [65-79] years; 3043 male [59.5%]; 4504 White [88.1%]). After adjusting for patient demographics and neighborhood characteristics, living within 1 mile of a golf course was associated with 126% increased odds of developing PD compared with individuals living more than 6 miles away from a golf course (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.26; 95% CI, 1.09-4.70). Individuals living within water service areas with a golf course had nearly double the odds of PD compared with individuals in water service areas without golf courses (aOR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.20-3.23) and 49% greater odds compared with individuals with private wells (aOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.05-2.13). Additionally, individuals living in water service areas with a golf course in vulnerable groundwater regions had 82% greater odds of developing PD compared with those in nonvulnerable groundwater regions (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09-3.03).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this population-based case-control study, the greatest risk of PD was found within 1 to 3 miles of a golf course and risk generally decreased with distance. Associations with the largest effect sizes were in water service areas with a golf course and in vulnerable ground water regions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.9198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T11:01:18Z","timestamp":1746702078000},"page":"e259198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Proximity to Golf Courses and Risk of Parkinson Disease"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Krzyzanowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan F.","family":"Mullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Ray","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Shivani","family":"Chirag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Turcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Camerucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 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