{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:59:02Z","timestamp":1773230342585,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n On average, females live longer than males. Research on sex differences in longevity has traditionally focused on higher mortality among males; however, the contribution of female reproductive cancers to survival gaps between females and males remains insufficiently quantified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n To assess the female-to-male survival gaps by estimating the contribution of age, birth cohort, and cause of death to sex differences in survival, with a particular emphasis on female reproductive cancers\u2014breast and gynecological cancers\u2014in long-term longevity disparities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study used population-level mortality data from 20 countries with complete records from 1955 to 2020 from the Human Mortality and World Health Organization Mortality Databases. Data were analyzed from January 2023 to September 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n EXPOSURE<\/jats:title>\n Geographic location (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was the truncated cross-sectional average length of life (TCAL), which incorporates historical mortality information for all birth cohorts alive at a given time. For each country, the sex gap in survival\u2014measured as the difference in TCAL between females and males\u2014was calculated, decomposed, and presented graphically by birth cohort, age, and calendar year.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The analysis encompassed 264.4 million deaths from all causes (119.1 million female [45.1%]; 145.2 million male [54.9%]), including 11.5 million deaths from female reproductive cancers. The sex gap in TCALs ranged from 8.31 (95% CI, 8.28-8.34) years in Hungary to 4.22 (95% CI, 4.20-4.25) years in the Netherlands. Across all countries, females had a survival advantage for major causes of death, except for neoplasms at reproductive ages. In most populations, females aged between 35 and 60 years experienced a consistent cross-cohort excess in cancer mortality compared with males, mainly due to breast cancer and, to a lesser extent, gynecological cancers. Eliminating female reproductive cancers would increase the survival of females and expand the sex gap in TCALs by an estimated mean of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.75-0.78) years, ranging from 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92-1.00) years in Ireland to 0.51 (95% CI, 0.50-0.52) years in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n In this population-level cohort study of 20 low-mortality countries, females aged 35 to 60 years experienced disadvantage in cancer mortality compared with males\u2014a consistent pattern observed across birth cohorts and over time. These findings underscore the ongoing need for action on the prevention, early detection, and treatment of early-onset female reproductive cancers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.1256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:00:54Z","timestamp":1773154854000},"page":"e261256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Female Reproductive Cancers and the Sex Gap in Survival"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Canudas-Romo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Demography, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Demography, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"},{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, The United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Timonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Demography, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7545","key":"zoi260067r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7545.808","article-title":"Life expectancy: women now on top everywhere.","volume":"332","author":"Barford","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260067r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/00324720701331433","article-title":"The narrowing sex differential in life expectancy in high-income populations: effects of differences in the age pattern of mortality.","volume":"61","author":"Glei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Popul Stud (Camb)"},{"issue":"29","key":"zoi260067r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8993","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421942112","article-title":"Twentieth century surge of excess adult male mortality.","volume":"112","author":"Beltr\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260067r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701535115","article-title":"Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics.","volume":"115","author":"Zarulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260067r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2003.00647.x","article-title":"Causes of male excess mortality: Insights from cloistered populations.","volume":"29","author":"Luy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260067r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.02.001","article-title":"The male-female health-survival paradox and sex differences in cohort life expectancy in Utah, Denmark, and Sweden 1850-1910.","volume":"23","author":"Lindahl-Jacobsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260067r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-013-0274-8","article-title":"The rise and fall of women\u2019s advantage: a comparison of national trends in life expectancy at age 65 years.","volume":"10","author":"Thorslund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi260067r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010588118","article-title":"Death rates at specific life stages mold the sex gap in life expectancy.","volume":"118","author":"Zarulli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260067r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000355310","article-title":"Do women live longer or do men die earlier? 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