{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:32:05Z","timestamp":1790094725869,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Given shared processes in attentional control, impulsivity, and reward sensitivity, problematic social media use (PSMU) may be associated with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Yet most evidence has been from cross-sectional studies; multiyear prospective, within-person studies on an association of PSMU with ADHD symptoms are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To estimate bidirectional, within-person associations between PSMU and ADHD symptoms across 5 annual assessments, and to test variation by sex.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This prospective cohort study used data from 5 annual assessments (year 2 [2017-2019] through year 6 [2021-2023]) of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, a population-based cohort that enrolled youths aged 9 to 10 years from 21 US sites in year 1 (2016-2018). Participants had data on ADHD symptoms or PSMU at 1 or more waves between year 2 and year 6. Data analysis was performed between July and September 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Youth-reported PSMU measured using the Social Media Addiction Questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Parent-reported ADHD symptoms (measured using the ADHD Problems subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist) at each wave. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used to separate stable between-person differences from within-person variation and to estimate concurrent and lagged within-person associations between PSMU and ADHD symptoms across waves.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The analytic sample consisted of 11\u202f286 youths with a mean (SD) age at year 2 of 12.1 (0.67) years; 5918 (52.4%) were male. At the within-person level, years in which youths reported higher-than-usual PSMU were followed by elevations in parent-reported ADHD symptoms (year 4 to year 5: \u03b2 \u2009=\u20090.08 [95% CI, 0.03-0.12],\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001; year 5 to year 6: \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.08 [95% CI, 0.03-0.13],\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.001). ADHD symptoms were also associated with higher PSMU from year 4 to year 5 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.04 [95% CI, 0.01-0.07];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.02). Tests of moderation indicated that the prospective association between PSMU and ADHD symptoms was higher in magnitude for males than for females (change in \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n 16<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u200931.7;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study of US youths found that year-to-year elevations in self-reported PSMU were directly associated with ADHD symptoms during mid-adolescence, particularly among males; reverse associations of ADHD symptoms with later PSMU were small in magnitude and sporadic. Screening for hard-to-control social media use, time spent on social media, and attention to sex-specific patterns may be warranted, although the population-based associations may be small.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.23748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:30:20Z","timestamp":1784302220000},"page":"e2623748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Problematic Social Media Use and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Nagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Otmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahana","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Ramappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle T.","family":"Ganson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Lavender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"},{"name":"The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, School of Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri A.","family":"Christakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona C.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10222","key":"zoi260668r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"395","author":"Posner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1","article-title":"The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"49","author":"Salari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260668r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2024.2335625","article-title":"ADHD prevalence among U.S. children and adolescents in 2022: diagnosis, severity, co-occurring disorders, and treatment.","volume":"53","author":"Danielson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"zoi260668r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106645","article-title":"Social media use intensity, social media use problems, and mental health among adolescents: investigating directionality and mediating processes.","volume":"116","author":"Boer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260668r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.8931","article-title":"Association of digital media use with subsequent symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents.","volume":"320","author":"Ra","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"zoi260668r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00005-8","article-title":"Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?","volume":"27","author":"Andersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260668r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1077-1","article-title":"The many channels of screen media technology in ADHD: a paradigm for quantifying distinct risks and potential benefits.","volume":"21","author":"Engelhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44105-7","article-title":"Screen time, impulsivity, neuropsychological functions and their relationship to growth in adolescent attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.","volume":"13","author":"Wallace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260668r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33450","article-title":"Problematic social media use in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Shannon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260668r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121625","article-title":"Understanding problematic social media use in adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a narrative review and clinical recommendations.","volume":"12","author":"Dekkers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"zoi260668r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.107980","article-title":"Problematic social media use in childhood and adolescence.","volume":"153","author":"Montag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020278","article-title":"Social media in adolescents: a retrospective correlational study on addiction.","volume":"10","author":"Ciacchini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-025-00264-4","article-title":"Risk factors for problematic social media use in youth: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.","volume":"10","author":"Pazdur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adolesc Res Rev"},{"key":"zoi260668r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.945631","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between social exclusion and smartphone addiction: the mediating roles of loneliness and self-control.","volume":"13","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"zoi260668r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107831","article-title":"Love it or hate it, but can you ignore social media? a bibliometric analysis of social media addiction.","volume":"147","author":"Arora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260668r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.010","article-title":"Self-regulation in ADHD: the role of error processing.","volume":"30","author":"Shiels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260668r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0534-2","article-title":"A developmental psychopathology perspective on ADHD and comorbid conditions: the role of emotion regulation.","volume":"46","author":"Steinberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260668r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00350-9","article-title":"Executive function deficits in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"3","author":"Kofler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054720908333","article-title":"Reciprocal developmental relations between ADHD and anxiety in adolescence: a within-person longitudinal analysis of commonly co-occurring symptoms.","volume":"26","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260668r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21.8.265","article-title":"The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral\/emotional problems and competencies.","volume":"21","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00007","article-title":"Problematic use of digital media in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. A meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Werling","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"zoi260668r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.10.005","article-title":"Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development.","volume":"44","author":"Sisk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260668r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.008","article-title":"Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development.","volume":"19","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"zoi260668r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142612","article-title":"Addictive features of social media\/messenger platforms and freemium games against the background of psychological and economic theories.","volume":"16","author":"Montag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260668r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231185057","article-title":"Social drivers and algorithmic mechanisms on digital media.","volume":"19","author":"Metzler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260668r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.12.012","article-title":"Old strategies, new environments: reinforcement learning on social media.","volume":"97","author":"Turner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4924","article-title":"Association of habitual checking behaviors on social media with longitudinal functional brain development.","volume":"177","author":"Maza","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi260668r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09746-0","article-title":"Cognitive control in adolescents and young adults with media multitasking experience: a three-level meta-analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"zoi260668r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1277583","article-title":"Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions.","volume":"15","author":"Kofler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20102-x","article-title":"Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.","volume":"24","author":"Nagata","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260668r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.7829","article-title":"Addictive screen use trajectories and suicidal behaviors, suicidal ideation, and mental health in US youths.","volume":"334","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi260668r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100356","article-title":"The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change.","volume":"62","author":"Curran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000030","article-title":"On disaggregating between-person and within-person effects with longitudinal data using multilevel models.","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"zoi260668r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/15427600902911189","article-title":"Persons as contexts: evaluating between-person and within-person effects in longitudinal analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Hoffman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889","article-title":"A critique of the cross-lagged panel model.","volume":"20","author":"Hamaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026582","article-title":"Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis.","volume":"80","author":"Bruchm\u00fcller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260668r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00010-5","article-title":"Why are females less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in childhood than males?","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260668r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054720923736","article-title":"Meta-analysis of sex differences in ADHD symptoms and associated cognitive deficits.","volume":"25","author":"Loyer Carbonneau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"zoi260668r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724001600","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the severity of core symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in females and males.","volume":"54","author":"Young","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"zoi260668r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6810215","article-title":"Forethought in youth with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: an fMRI study of sex-specific differences.","volume":"2016","author":"Poissant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-018-9254-9","article-title":"ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting.","volume":"10","author":"Rosch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617715001071","article-title":"Increased delay discounting on a novel real-time task among girls, but not boys, with ADHD.","volume":"22","author":"Rosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"zoi260668r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107095","article-title":"A mediated path from emotional intelligence to problematic social media use in adolescents: the serial mediation of perceived stress and depressive symptoms.","volume":"124","author":"Arrivillaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"zoi260668r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032","article-title":"The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: a meta-analysis.","volume":"168","author":"Augner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"zoi260668r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","article-title":"The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: imaging acquisition across 21 sites.","volume":"32","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi260668r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004","article-title":"Recruiting the ABCD sample: design considerations and procedures.","volume":"32","author":"Garavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260668r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5","article-title":"The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models.","volume":"8","author":"Enders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2466\/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517","article-title":"Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale.","volume":"110","author":"Andreassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling.","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260668r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1269606","article-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation of structural equation models for continuous data: standard errors and goodness of fit.","volume":"24","author":"Maydeu-Olivares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","article-title":"Missing data: our view of the state of the art.","volume":"7","author":"Schafer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260668r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738","article-title":"Three extensions of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model.","volume":"28","author":"Mulder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000499","article-title":"Effect size guidelines for cross-lagged effects.","volume":"29","author":"Orth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510709336738","article-title":"Multiplicity control in structural equation modeling.","volume":"14","author":"Cribbie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29296-3","article-title":"Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media.","volume":"13","author":"Orben","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260668r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2025.102784","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of social media use in early adolescents.","volume":"25","author":"Nagata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260668r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15050574","article-title":"Effects of social media use on youth and adolescent mental health: a scoping review of reviews.","volume":"15","author":"Agyapong-Opoku","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"zoi260668r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115202","article-title":"Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?","volume":"65","author":"Blakemore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"zoi260668r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.010","article-title":"The dual systems model: review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation.","volume":"17","author":"Shulman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12693","article-title":"ADHD symptoms and callous-unemotional traits as predictors of violent media use in adolescence.","volume":"62","author":"Rydell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/hcre.12111","article-title":"The relationship between media multitasking and attention problems in adolescents: results of two longitudinal studies.","volume":"44","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260668r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02130-3","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review.","volume":"33","author":"Thorell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260668r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300502","article-title":"Learning disabilities and ADHD: overlapping spectrumn disorders.","volume":"33","author":"Mayes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260668r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199109000-00009","article-title":"Adolescents with ADHD: patterns of behavioral adjustment, academic functioning, and treatment utilization.","volume":"30","author":"Barkley","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2019.1578652","article-title":"Screenomics: a framework to capture and analyze personal life experiences and the ways that technology shapes them.","volume":"36","author":"Reeves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Comput Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqaa039","article-title":"Social media use and adolescents\u2019 self-esteem: heading for a person-specific media effects paradigm.","volume":"71","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260668r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2018.1555799","article-title":"Reporting mobile social media use: how survey and experience sampling measures differ.","volume":"13","author":"Naab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Methods Meas"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260668r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459221140842","article-title":"These are not the effects you are looking for: causality and the within-\/between-persons distinction in longitudinal data analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Rohrer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci"},{"key":"zoi260668r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.05.008","article-title":"#Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem.","volume":"51","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"zoi260668r76","first-page":"286","volume-title":"Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Osborne","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"zoi260668r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108976237.017","volume-title":"Handbook of Adolescent Digital Media Use and Mental Health","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2022"},{"key":"zoi260668r2","unstructured":"Data and statistics on ADHD. Attention-Deficit \/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), CDC. November 19, 2024. Accessed September 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/adhd\/data\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi260668r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucher? T, Helmond? A. The affordances of social media platforms. In: Burgess J, Marwick A, Poell T, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Social Media. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2019:233-253. Accessed September 17, 2025. https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/hnbk\/edvol\/the-sage-handbook-of-social-media\/chpt\/13-affordances-social-media-platforms","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473984066.n14"},{"key":"zoi260668r51","unstructured":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.5.1. R Core Team. Accessed May 18, 2026. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"zoi260668r61","unstructured":"Vogels EA, Gelles-Watnick R, Massarat N. Teens, social media and technology 2022. Pew Research Center. August 10, 2022. Accessed August 11, 2025. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2022\/08\/10\/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022\/"},{"key":"zoi260668r67","unstructured":"Teens, screens and mental health. World Health Organization. 2024. Accessed September 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/25-09-2024-teens--screens-and-mental-health"},{"key":"zoi260668r68","unstructured":"Kirby? P. Ban social media for under 15s, says French report warning of TikTok dangers. September 11, 2025. Accessed September 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/crkjep23403o"},{"key":"zoi260668r69","unstructured":"Social media and youth mental health. Office of the Surgeon General. May 28, 2024. Accessed February 19, 2025. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/surgeongeneral\/reports-and-publications\/youth-mental-health\/social-media\/index.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2851740\/nagata_2026_oi_260668_1783701523.89945.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:30:23Z","timestamp":1784302223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2851740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.23748","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]}}}