{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:29:48Z","timestamp":1786375788662,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n The cost-effectiveness of remote rehabilitation for survivors following critical illness after intensive care unit (ICU) care is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of remote multicomponent rehabilitation compared with standard care following discharge from hospital after an ICU admission.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This economic evaluation was conducted within a pragmatic, multicenter, assessor-blinded trial comparing remote rehabilitation delivered online with standard care after discharge from ICU from both National Health Service (NHS) and Personal Social Services (PSS) and societal perspectives over a 6-month time horizon. The trial was conducted from December 2022 to November 2025. The setting was 52 NHS hospitals in the United Kingdom. Participants were adults (aged \u226518 years) within 12 weeks of discharge from hospital that included an ICU admission for critical illness, requiring mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or longer.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n A remotely delivered rehabilitation program or standard care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Costs including using questionnaires and microcosting approach (in 2024 UK pounds sterling) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), derived directly from trial data, were calculated per group and reported in terms of incremental cost per QALY gained.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 429 participants (245 men [57%]; mean [SD] age, 55.4 [13.9] years) were enrolled, including 231 (54%) in the intervention group and 198 (46%) in the standard group. From a UK NHS-PSS perspective, the rehabilitation intervention was associated with increased mean costs (\u00a31250; 95% CI, \u00a3562-\u00a31938) and QALYs (0.023; 95% CI, 0.007-0.040) per participant, compared with the standard care group. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was \u00a354\u202f034 per QALY. The probability of rehabilitation intervention being cost-effective was 3% and 11% at UK willingness-to-pay thresholds of \u00a320\u202f000 and \u00a330\u202f000 per QALY, respectively. The intervention was cost-effective for patients with mechanical ventilation for 7 days or less (ICER, \u00a321\u202f476 per QALY) or if a societal perspective was adopted (ICER, \u00a36341 per QALY).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this economic analysis, among ICU survivors overall, a remotely delivered multicomponent rehabilitation program was not cost-effective from a UK NHS-PSS perspective. Cost-effectiveness was more favorable from a societal perspective and for patients receiving mechanical ventilation for 7 days or less. For rehabilitation interventions to be both clinically and cost-effective a precision medicine approach to medical and psychosocial health care interventions is needed once patients are home from hospital.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.28380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:00:18Z","timestamp":1786374018000},"page":"e2628380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Remote Multicomponent Rehabilitation and Cost-Effectiveness in Survivors of Critical Illness"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mandana","family":"Zanganeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy M.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome\u2013Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bronwen","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome\u2013Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"},{"name":"University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"},{"name":"University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Ratna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Lall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Costley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Dark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orla","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope","family":"Firshman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel D.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome\u2013Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient Advisory Group, iRehab Trial Management Group, Preston, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin D.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Raynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Terblanche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome\u2013Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"iRehab Trial Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Snell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinead","family":"O'Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Weblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Hedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Tantam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Donnison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Coetzee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keeleigh","family":"Champman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Hayter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandeep","family":"Phull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriko","family":"Morino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Paripoorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Doble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Martin-Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Hodgkiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Birchall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Hirst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayode","family":"Adeniji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefania","family":"Trues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Compton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Truman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthhika","family":"Jeyakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethan","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Van Willigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Duggleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rostron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McWilliams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Geer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzahn","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Udberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anezka","family":"Pratley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Charnock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Knights","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the iRehab Trial Investigators"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260771r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2023.07.036","article-title":"Three-year mortality, readmission, and medical expenses in critical care survivors: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260771r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210822","article-title":"Predicting risk of unplanned hospital readmission in survivors of critical illness: a population-level cohort study.","volume":"74","author":"Lone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260771r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201611-2327OC","article-title":"Joblessness and lost earnings after acute respiratory distress syndrome in a 1-year national multicenter study.","volume":"196","author":"Kamdar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260771r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R100","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12745","article-title":"An exploration of social and economic outcome and associated health-related quality of life after critical illness in general intensive care unit survivors: a 12-month follow-up study.","volume":"17","author":"Griffiths","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260771r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2024.08.003","article-title":"The financial impact of post intensive care syndrome.","volume":"41","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"zoi260771r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.13910.2","article-title":"Remote multicomponent rehabilitation compared to standard care for survivors of critical illness after hospital discharge (iRehab): a protocol for a randomised controlled assessor-blind clinical and cost-effectiveness trial.","volume":"5","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2025","journal-title":"NIHR Open Res"},{"key":"zoi260771r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.14023.1","article-title":"Development of a patient centred, structured, individually tailored, multi-component intervention to promote rehabilitation and recovery after critical illness: content, theory, and construction.","volume":"5","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2025","journal-title":"NIHR Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260771r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.10.008","article-title":"Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (CHEERS) 2022 explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR CHEERS II good practices task force.","volume":"25","author":"Husereau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260771r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","article-title":"Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L).","volume":"20","author":"Herdman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260771r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01218-7","article-title":"Estimating the relationship between EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L: results from a UK population study.","volume":"41","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Alava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260771r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta3100","article-title":"Methods for the analysis of quality-of-life and survival data in health technology assessment.","volume":"3","author":"Billingham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260771r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3564","article-title":"Valuing health-related quality of life: an EQ-5D-5L value set for England.","volume":"27","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260771r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.00045.x","article-title":"Good research practices for cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials: the ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force report.","volume":"8","author":"Ramsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi260771r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001215)19:23<3219::AID-SIM623>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Analysis of cost data in randomized trials: an application of the non-parametric bootstrap.","volume":"19","author":"Barber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260771r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.4.987","article-title":"Hierarchical generalised linear models: a synthesis of generalised linear models, random-effect models and structured dispersions.","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260771r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice.","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260771r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0193-3","article-title":"A guide to handling missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis conducted within randomised controlled trials.","volume":"32","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260771r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.944","article-title":"Estimating mean QALYs in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: the importance of controlling for baseline utility.","volume":"14","author":"Manca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260771r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.843","article-title":"Regression methods for covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis for non-censored cost-effectiveness data.","volume":"13","author":"Willan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260771r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00358.x","article-title":"Optimal cost-effectiveness decisions: the role of the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC), the cost-effectiveness acceptability frontier (CEAF), and the expected value of perfection information (EVPI).","volume":"11","author":"Barton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"zoi260771r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2026.7401","article-title":"Remote multicomponent rehabilitation in intensive care unit survivors: a randomized clinical trial.","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi260771r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.62675\/2965-2774.20250388","article-title":"The impact of mechanical ventilation on long-term survival influences definitions of persistent critical illness.","volume":"37","author":"Berto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260771r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2104669","article-title":"Outcomes after critical illness.","volume":"388","author":"Herridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260771r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318256e000","article-title":"Persistent inflammation and immunosuppression: a common syndrome and new horizon for surgical intensive care.","volume":"72","author":"Gentile","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260771r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.16641","article-title":"Remote monitoring approaches to reduce readmissions after infection and sepsis: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"9","author":"Yende","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260771r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155251381743","article-title":"Health economic studies in clinical rehabilitation: a new collection of papers and a discussion of issues involved in research.","volume":"40","author":"Wade","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260771r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517709890","article-title":"The biopsychosocial model of illness: a model whose time has come.","volume":"31","author":"Wade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260771r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202405-549OC","article-title":"Telerehabilitation compared with center-based pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease: economic analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial.","volume":"22","author":"Burge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260771r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.18189","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation among US adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","volume":"5","author":"Mosher","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260771r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.10.779","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of an outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme.","volume":"56","author":"Griffiths","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi260771r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312809","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review.","volume":"104","author":"Shields","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260771r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320459","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review.","volume":"109","author":"Shields","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260771r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1725","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006715","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of early active mobilization during mechanical ventilation in the ICU: an economic evaluation alongside the Treatment of Mechanically Ventilated Adults With Early Activity and Mobilization (TEAM) Trial.","volume":"53","author":"Higgins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260771r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.29399","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of in-bed cycling and routine physiotherapy for patients receiving mechanical ventilation.","volume":"8","author":"Tarride","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi260771r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3723","article-title":"The PRaCTICaL study of nurse led, intensive care follow-up programmes for improving long term outcomes from critical illness: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.","volume":"339","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260771r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0822","article-title":"Increased hospital-based physical rehabilitation and information provision after intensive care unit discharge: the RECOVER randomized clinical trial.","volume":"175","author":"Walsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi260771r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1182","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.2025.211.Abstracts.A1182","article-title":"Implementation of a telehealth enabled post-ICU clinic.","volume":"211","author":"Bakhru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260771r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2025.100142","article-title":"A systematic review of the development and implementability of complex interventions after hospitalization for survivors of intensive care.","volume":"3","author":"Sloan","year":"2025","journal-title":"CHEST Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260771r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-021-01171-7","article-title":"Implementability of healthcare interventions: an overview of reviews and development of a conceptual framework.","volume":"17","author":"Klaic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260771r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.02.001","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials II\u2014an ISPOR Good Research Practices Task Force report.","volume":"18","author":"Ramsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi260771r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hsdr09210","article-title":"Impact of NHS 111 Online on the NHS 111 telephone service and urgent care system: a mixed-methods study.","volume":"9","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Services and Delivery Research"},{"key":"zoi260771r28","volume-title":"Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes","author":"Drummond","year":"2015"},{"key":"zoi260771r9","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Guide to the methods of technology appraisal 2013. NICE. April 4, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg9\/chapter\/foreword"},{"key":"zoi260771r10","unstructured":"Jones? KC, Weatherly? H, Birch? S, . Unit costs of health and social care 2024 manual. University of Kent. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/kar.kent.ac.uk\/109563\/"},{"key":"zoi260771r11","unstructured":"UK Government. National minimum wage and national living wage rates 2024. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/national-minimum-wage-rates"},{"key":"zoi260771r12","unstructured":"National Health Service. National cost collection data publication: national schedule 2023-2024. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/app.powerbi.com\/view?r=eyJrIjoiNjI5YjA1OWMtOGNmOC00NGQzLWIxZDYtZDAyMDQ5YWVkZjU0IiwidCI6IjM3YzM1NGIyLTg1YjAtNDdmNS1iMjIyLTA3YjQ4ZDc3NGVlMyJ9"},{"key":"zoi260771r13","unstructured":"National Health Service. NHS supply chain: aids for daily living. 2024. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/www.supplychain.nhs.uk\/product-information\/contract-launch-brief\/walking-aids-and-simple-aids-for-daily-living\/#delisted"},{"key":"zoi260771r14","unstructured":"NHS Business Services Authority. National prescription cost analysis\u2014England 2023\/24. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk\/statistical-collections\/prescription-cost-analysis-england\/prescription-cost-analysis-england-202324"},{"key":"zoi260771r15","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Labour market overview, UK: employee earnings, December 2024. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/employmentandlabourmarket\/peopleinwork\/employmentandemployeetypes\/bulletins\/uklabourmarket\/december2024"},{"key":"zoi260771r18","unstructured":"National Institute of Health Care and Excellence. Use of the EQ-5D-5L value set for England: NICE position statement. October 31, 2019. Accessed May 23, 2022. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/about\/what-we-do\/our-programmes\/nice-guidance\/technology-appraisal-guidance\/eq-5d-5l"},{"key":"zoi260771r31","unstructured":"NHS England. Guidance for growing and developing the pulmonary rehabilitation multidisciplinary team. March 26, 2024. Accessed June 30, 2026. https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/long-read\/pulmonary-rehabilitation-workforce\/"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2852594\/zanganeh_2026_oi_260771_1785772897.73378.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:00:25Z","timestamp":1786374025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2852594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.28380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}