{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:25:19Z","timestamp":1787156719932,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n The VACTERL (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal defects, and limb defects) pattern of birth defects is a complex congenital condition with largely unknown causes. Studies suggest a link between in vitro fertilization (IVF) and birth defects, including VACTERL, but it remains unknown whether IVF has a unique association with VACTERL.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To characterize the association between IVF and VACTERL.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study included 1\u202f555\u202f936 live births in 4 US States (Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, and Texas) between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2018. A total of 175\u202f161 births were IVF conceived, and 1\u202f380\u202f775 naturally conceived children were selected as a 10:1 comparison group. Births were linked to IVF cycle data from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System. Data were analyzed from August 2 to October 30, 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Method of conception (IVF vs natural) and IVF treatment parameter information.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n VACTERL, defined as 3 or more of the defects included in the pattern. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 1\u202f555\u202f936 live births were included in the analysis (796 892 males [51.2%]). The naturally conceived group included 1\u202f380\u202f775 children; the IVF-conceived group, 175\u202f161. Approximately half of children were male in both groups, while IVF-conceived children were more often born to older mothers and those with a higher educational level and were from multiple-gestation pregnancies. Two hundred children with VACTERL (41 IVF and 159 non-IVF) were identified. The prevalence of VACTERL among IVF-conceived births was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.7-3.2) per 10\u202f000 live births. After adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and pregnancy-related factors, IVF conception was associated with increased odds of VACTERL (adjusted odds ratio, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.16-2.98).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This population-based prospective cohort study identified an association of IVF with the multiple congenital anomaly pattern VACTERL. Although the absolute risk among live births remains low, these findings highlight the need for further investigations of child health outcomes by method of conception.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.29355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:30:43Z","timestamp":1787153443000},"page":"e2629355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Fertilization and VACTERL Birth Defects"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ji Yun","family":"Tark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Schraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayana","family":"Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Family Health Data and Analytics, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina E.","family":"Forestieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Birth Defects Monitoring Program, State Center for Health Statistics, Raleigh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie L.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Male Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Belva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy, Practice, and Population Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy, Practice, and Population Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair G.","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy, Practice, and Population Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Luke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy, Practice, and Population Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human 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