{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:22:45Z","timestamp":1787934165828,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Service members and veterans who die by suicide disproportionately use firearms. Extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs) temporarily restrict firearm access for individuals deemed at risk of harming themselves or others. Despite elevated firearm-suicide risk among service members and veterans, no research has examined ERPO use within this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To characterize how often ERPOs are applied to service member and veteran populations compared with civilians, and under what circumstances they are filed in Colorado.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study included all ERPO respondents from petitions filed in Colorado between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Service member or veteran status.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Petitions involving service members and veterans vs civilians were compared using \u03c72 and Fisher exact tests. Narrative summaries for service member and veteran cases were qualitatively analyzed to identify themes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 692 ERPO petitions, 68 (9.8%) involved service members or veterans, and 624 (90.2%) involved civilians. Temporary ERPOs were granted in 47 service member or veteran cases (69.1%), and 36 of these (76.6%) were extended to full 365-day orders. Compared with civilian respondents, service member or veteran respondents were more likely to be male (66 [97.1%] vs 504 [80.8%]), older (mean [SD] age, 40.0 [14.4] vs 36.0 [15.4] years), have documented mental health concerns (48 [70.9%] vs 358 [57.2%]), and have a history of involuntary mental health holds (26 [38.2%] vs 166 [26.6%]). No significant differences were found in reasons for filing, likelihood of ERPO granting, or documented firearm access. Five petitions (7.4%) were filed by military superior officers for active-duty members; all were denied due to lack of legal standing. Qualitative analysis identified themes of multiple co-occurring threats, PTSD, substance misuse, homelessness, and threats of suicide with firearm access.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional study of ERPO petitions filed in Colorado from 2020 to 2024, service members and veterans were slightly overrepresented among ERPO respondents relative to their share of Colorado\u2019s population, suggesting ERPOs may be an important tool for mitigating suicide and violence risks in this group. The presence of multiple overlapping threat types highlights the complex risk profiles encountered among service members and veterans. Enhanced training for law enforcement, military, and other petitioners may improve appropriate ERPO use for this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.31288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:30:28Z","timestamp":1787931028000},"page":"e2631288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extreme Risk Protection Orders Among Military Service Members and Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Leslie M.","family":"Barnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"},{"name":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"},{"name":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Plunkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"},{"name":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raya Kate","family":"Castronovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver School of Public Affairs, Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila M.","family":"Huss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver School of Public Affairs, Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Greenway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Knoepke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora,"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora"},{"name":"Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research & Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260860r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.134627","article-title":"Violent 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Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260860r13","first-page":"188","article-title":"Criminal justice and suicide outcomes with Indiana\u2019s risk-based gun seizure law.","volume":"47","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"zoi260860r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107304","article-title":"Extreme risk protection orders in response to threats of multiple victim\/mass shooting in six U.S. states: A descriptive study.","volume":"165","author":"Zeoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260860r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06273-4","article-title":"Extreme risk protection orders and persons with dementia in the state of Washington.","volume":"36","author":"Prater","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260860r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","article-title":"Petitions for extreme risk protection orders and second amendment sanctuary status in Colorado.","volume":"7","author":"Knoepke","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260860r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2023.2254279","article-title":"Extreme risk protection orders in older adults in six U.S. states: a descriptive study.","volume":"47","author":"Betz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260860r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-025-00585-x","article-title":"Extreme risk protection order use in six US states: a descriptive study.","volume":"12","author":"Barnard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260860r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-021-00353-7","article-title":"Colorado\u2019s first year of extreme risk protection orders.","volume":"8","author":"Barnard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260860r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2025.100442","article-title":"Acceptability of extreme risk protection orders across regions of Colorado.","volume":"5","author":"Balser","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260860r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288880","article-title":"Integration of extreme risk protection orders into the clinical workflow: Qualitative comparison of clinician perspectives.","volume":"18","author":"Conrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"zoi260860r26","article-title":"Judicial notebook: keeping guns away from potentially dangerous people.","author":"Arnold","journal-title":"Monitor Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260860r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.0519","article-title":"Extreme risk protection orders-ethics for clinicians.","volume":"185","author":"Ashok","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi260860r4","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Inoue","year":"2023"},{"key":"zoi260860r9","unstructured":"Center for Gun Violence Solutions. Extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs). Accessed June 16, 2025. https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/center-for-gun-violence-solutions\/solutions\/red-flag-laws-or-erpos"},{"key":"zoi260860r19","unstructured":"Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention. ERPO laws by state. Accessed July 2, 2024. https:\/\/firearminjury.umich.edu\/erpo-by-state\/"},{"key":"zoi260860r20","unstructured":"Colorado General Assembly. Extreme risk protection orders. Accessed December 10, 2020. https:\/\/leg.colorado.gov\/bills\/hb19-1177"},{"key":"zoi260860r23","unstructured":"Mapped: states with the most military personnel in 2025. July 4, 2025. Accessed December 3, 2025. https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/mapped-states-with-the-most-military-personnel-in-2025\/"},{"key":"zoi260860r24","unstructured":"National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. Veteran population. US Dept of Veterans Affairs. Updated March 26, 2025. Accessed February 4, 2026. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/vetdata\/Veteran_Population.asp"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2853376\/barnard_2026_oi_260860_1787261220.12447.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:30:30Z","timestamp":1787931030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2853376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.31288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}