{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:24:18Z","timestamp":1788236658876,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Firearm violence is a leading cause of premature death and disability in the US. Increasingly, public health approaches to prevent gun violence are being implemented to reduce its social and medical costs. A previous evaluation of the Peacemaker Fellowship found it was associated with a 43% reduction in firearm homicides and assaults through 2016. However, evidence about effectiveness beyond this period remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine the long-term associations between the implementation of the Office of Neighborhood Safety\u2019s Peacemaker Fellowship and fatal and nonfatal firearm assaults in Richmond, California.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study introduces a systematic donor selection process to the augmented synthetic control model. Richmond was compared with a weighted composite of US cities similar to Richmond on pretreatment annual crime and demographic characteristics (synthetic Richmond) between June 2010, and December 2024. Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reporting fatal and nonfatal firearm assault data from January 1996, to December 2024 were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n The Peacemaker Fellowship is a public-health oriented gun violence reduction program implemented by the Office of Neighborhood Safety in Richmond since June 2010. The Fellowship is an intensive 24-month program during which street outreach workers recruit individuals at the center of gun violence, offer them supportive wraparound services, and interrupt street conflicts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The change in combined quarterly counts of fatal and nonfatal firearm assaults. The hypothesis was formulated before data collection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The Peacemaker Fellowship was associated with a statistically significant mean quarterly reduction of 78.39 (95% CI, 34.24-128.48) fatal and nonfatal firearm assaults relative to our synthetic counterfactual, representing a 61.47% reduction during 14 years of implementation. Descriptive subperiod summaries suggest that the reduction was sustained and deepened as implementation was sustained, increasing from a mean reduction of 49.2% during the initial phase (2010-2016) to 66.3% during the postexpansion period (2017-2024).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional research study of the Peacemaker Fellowship, the program was associated with a significant reduction in fatal and nonfatal firearm assaults during 14 years of implementation. The analysis also suggests that beneficial outcomes may have increased over time. The Peacemaker Fellowship may be an effective strategy for reducing firearm violence, highlighting the importance of sustaining investments in community violence interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.31298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:30:25Z","timestamp":1788190225000},"page":"e2631298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Peacemaker Fellowship and Urban Gun Violence in Richmond, California"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Darling-Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan R.","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahasin S.","family":"Mujahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Corburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"zoi260862r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.06.002","article-title":"Firearm injuries in the United States.","volume":"79","author":"Fowler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"zoi260862r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.6289","article-title":"Gun violence affects more than half of US adults.","volume":"329","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260862r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.17293","article-title":"The unrelenting epidemic of firearm violence.","volume":"328","author":"Fontanarosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260862r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2025.3299","article-title":"Health care costs of firearm injury hospital visits in the US.","volume":"6","author":"Royan","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260862r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6696","article-title":"Epidemiologic trends in fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries in the US, 2009-2017.","volume":"181","author":"Kaufman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260862r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.10498","article-title":"Sequelae and care after firearm injury.","volume":"334","author":"Strong","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi260862r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2025.101091","article-title":"Understanding the broader impacts of non-fatal firearm violence trauma in the United States: a scoping review.","volume":"46","author":"Giraldi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"zoi260862r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112587","article-title":"The impact of exposure to gun violence fatality on mental health outcomes in four urban U.S. settings.","volume":"246","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"zoi260862r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100689","article-title":"Invisible wounds: community exposure to gun homicides and adolescents\u2019 mental health and behavioral outcomes.","volume":"12","author":"Leibbrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"zoi260862r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2022.101961","article-title":"Mental health outcomes from direct and indirect exposure to firearm violence: A cohort study of nonfatal shooting survivors and family members.","volume":"83","author":"Magee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260862r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.5.1306","article-title":"Outcomes in children and young adults who are hospitalized for firearms-related injuries.","volume":"113","author":"DiScala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260862r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.09.026","article-title":"Costs of fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries in the US, 2019 and 2020.","volume":"66","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260862r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.16890","article-title":"The business case for reducing firearm injuries.","volume":"328","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"24","key":"zoi260862r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.18076","article-title":"Toward a safer world by 2040: the JAMA Summit Report on Reducing Firearm Violence and Harms.","volume":"334","author":"Rivara","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260862r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000662","article-title":"Proceedings from the Second Medical Summit on Firearm Injury Prevention, 2022: creating a sustainable healthcare coalition to advance a multidisciplinary public health approach.","volume":"236","author":"Sakran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"zoi260862r21","article-title":"Community gun violence prevention.","volume":"43","author":"Sharer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260862r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12353","article-title":"Streetwork at the crossroads: an evaluation of a street gang outreach intervention and holistic appraisal of the research evidence.","volume":"61","author":"Hureau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"zoi260862r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251366146","article-title":"Defining CVI: a critical review of current conceptualizations and their implications for policy, research and practice.","volume":"62","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260862r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2011.619559","article-title":"Reducing gang violence using focused deterrence: evaluating the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV).","volume":"30","author":"Engel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"key":"zoi260862r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251360956","article-title":"Community-based efforts to reduce violence: a scoping review on the implementation of Cure Violence.","volume":"62","author":"Solomon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"issue":"51","key":"zoi260862r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2318197120","article-title":"Community violence interventions and the vulnerability of \u201cthe violent\u201d.","volume":"120","author":"Hureau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260862r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42854-021-00021-5","article-title":"Urban safety, community healing & gun violence reduction: the advance peace model.","volume":"3","author":"Corburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Transform"},{"issue":"pt A","key":"zoi260862r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107305","article-title":"A trauma-informed approach to understanding firearm decision-making among Black adolescents: implications for prevention.","volume":"165","author":"Gaylord-Harden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"zoi260862r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00820-y","article-title":"A healing-centered approach to preventing urban gun violence: the Advance Peace Model.","author":"Corburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260862r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305288","article-title":"Firearm and nonfirearm violence after Operation Peacemaker Fellowship in Richmond, California, 1996-2016.","volume":"109","author":"Matthay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"zoi260862r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7119e1","article-title":"Vital signs: changes in firearm homicide and suicide rates\u2014United States, 2019-2020.","volume":"71","author":"Kegler","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi260862r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165887","article-title":"Effects of data aggregation on time series analysis of seasonal infections.","volume":"17","author":"Alarcon Falconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260862r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/1088767914536985","article-title":"Seasonal variation in homicide and assault across large US cities.","volume":"19","author":"McDowall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Homicide Stud"},{"issue":"536","key":"zoi260862r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1929245","article-title":"The augmented synthetic control method.","volume":"116","author":"Ben-Michael","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260862r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1214\/20-AOS1965","article-title":"Predictive inference with the jackknife+.","volume":"49","author":"Barber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"issue":"490","key":"zoi260862r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.ap08746","article-title":"Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: estimating the effect of California\u2019s tobacco control program.","volume":"105","author":"Abadie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260862r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20191450","article-title":"Using synthetic controls: feasibility, data requirements, and methodological aspects.","volume":"59","author":"Abadie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Econ Lit"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260862r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12448","article-title":"Synthetic controls with staggered adoption.","volume":"84","author":"Ben-Michael","year":"2022","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260862r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427801038003001","article-title":"Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and youth violence: an evaluation of Boston\u2019s Operation Ceasefire.","volume":"38","author":"Braga","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinq"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260862r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12353","article-title":"Focused deterrence strategies and crime control.","volume":"17","author":"Braga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Criminol Public Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260862r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-044056","article-title":"Using synthetic control methodology to estimate effects of a Cure Violence intervention in Baltimore, Maryland.","volume":"28","author":"Buggs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"zoi260862r29","volume-title":"Over 15 Years of Creating Innovative Solutions to Gun Violence: The City of Richmond","author":"Glesmann","year":"2023"},{"key":"zoi260862r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108278423","volume-title":"Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives","author":"Weisburd","year":"2019"},{"key":"zoi260862r2","unstructured":"Gramlich? J. What the data says about gun deaths in the US. Pew Research Center. March 5, 2025. Accessed August 14, 2025. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2026\/04\/28\/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-us\/"},{"key":"zoi260862r6","unstructured":"WISQARS fatal and nonfatal injury reports. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed October 13, 2025. https:\/\/wisqars.cdc.gov\/reports\/"},{"key":"zoi260862r8","unstructured":"CDC WISQARS\u2013injury data visualizations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed October 13, 2025. https:\/\/wisqars.cdc.gov\/create-visualizations"},{"key":"zoi260862r9","unstructured":"Fast facts: firearm injury and death. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 22, 2024. Accessed August 25, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/firearm-violence\/data-research\/facts-stats\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi260862r17","unstructured":"The economic cost of gun violence. Everytown Research & Policy. Accessed October 13, 2025. https:\/\/everytownresearch.org\/report\/the-economic-cost-of-gun-violence\/"},{"key":"zoi260862r22","unstructured":"The US Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory. Firearm Violence: A Public Health Crisis in America. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2024. Accessed June 4, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK605169\/"},{"key":"zoi260862r26","unstructured":"Hucke? K. Violence interrupters: a review of the literature. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. 2024. Accessed August 27, 2025. https:\/\/icjia.illinois.gov\/researchhub\/articles\/violence-interrupters-a-review-of-the-literature\/"},{"key":"zoi260862r37","unstructured":"Grawert? A, Kim? N. Understanding the FBI\u2019s 2021 crime data. Brennan Center for Justice. October 4, 2022. Accessed October 2, 2025. https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/understanding-fbis-2021-crime-data"},{"key":"zoi260862r38","unstructured":"Kemper? N. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): benefits and issues. Accessed October 23, 2025. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R46668"},{"key":"zoi260862r39","unstructured":"Asher? J. How the FBI estimates missing data and why you should keep ignoring 2021. Jeff-alytics. October 21, 2024. Accessed September 11, 2025. https:\/\/jasher.substack.com\/p\/how-the-fbi-estimates-missing-data"},{"key":"zoi260862r47","unstructured":"Braga? AA, Barao? LM, Zimmerman? G, . Oakland ceasefire evaluation: final report to the City of Oakland. May 2019. Accessed April 25, 2025. https:\/\/cao-94612.s3.amazonaws.com\/documents\/Oakland-Ceasefire-Evaluation-Final-Report-May-2019.pdf"},{"key":"zoi260862r50","unstructured":"Webster? DW, Tilchin? CG, Doucette? ML. Estimating the effects of Safe Streets Baltimore on gun violence: 2007-2022. March 2023. Accessed January 25, 2025. https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-10\/estimating-the-effects-of-safe-streets-baltimore-on-gun-violence-july-2023.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2853466\/bruno_2026_oi_260862_1787587638.581.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:30:27Z","timestamp":1788190227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2853466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.31298","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}