{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:13:22Z","timestamp":1789398802509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Although cross-sectional research in major depressive disorder (MDD) is extensive, long-term longitudinal neuroimaging studies are rare, despite being crucial to uncovering how brain changes evolve with illness progression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To disentangle brain structural trajectories within the fronto-limbic circuitry in MDD and to distinguish progressive decline from dynamic state-like alterations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This single-center case-control study (M\u00fcnster Neuroimaging Cohort) conducted repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments over up to 10 years among patients recruited from local hospitals and healthy controls recruited from the general population. Baseline recruitment was conducted between October 1, 2009, and January 31, 2018, with follow-up through March 31, 2022. Inpatients with initially acute MDD and volunteer controls underwent 3 to 6 MRI scans, spaced approximately every 2 years. Data were analyzed between October 2024 and September 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Gray matter volume (GMV) was examined, applying longitudinal voxel-based morphometry using region-of-interest analyses and exploratory whole-brain approaches. In mixed-effect models, associations of GMV trajectories with (1) diagnosis, (2) cumulative illness severity (CIS), and (3) acute illness severity were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 206 individuals (mean [SD] age, 38.6 [12.4] years; 112 men [54.4%]; 57 with MDD [27.67%] and 149 controls [72.33%]) who underwent a mean (SD) of 3.8 (0.8) scans (791 scans total) were included in the analysis. CIS\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interactions emerged in the hippocampus (peak \u03b7\n \n p<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.261 [95% CI, 0.124-0.351]; family-wise error [FWE]\u2013corrected\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and dlPFC (peak \u03b7\n \n p<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.216 [95% CI, 0.086-0.305]; FWE-corrected\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.02), with higher CIS associated with steeper GMV decline in contrast with more favorable clinical courses. These associations were mostly robust across extensive sensitivity analyses, including variations in data inclusion, and controlling for acute illness severity and medication use. There was little evidence for differential GMV trajectories between patients with MDD and controls per se, or for main associations of cumulative or acute illness severity in MDD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this 10-year case-control-study, GMV changes in MDD were associated with individual cumulative illness trajectories rather than depressive symptom fluctuations or diagnosis alone. Findings supported both progressive decline and relative stability, depending on the clinical course. These results underscore the need for personalized, time-sensitive neurobiological models in depression and emphasize the importance of long-term designs in mental health neuroimaging.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.33507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:01:36Z","timestamp":1789398096000},"page":"e2633507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Illness Severity and Longitudinal Gray Matter Volumes Among People With Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kraus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janik","family":"Goltermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiana","family":"Borgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Dohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Grotegerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Schrammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira","family":"Flinkenfl\u00fcgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Enneking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth J.","family":"Leehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joscha","family":"B\u00f6hnlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology and Translational Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Machine Learning in Medicine (focus area psychiatry), University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alea","family":"Bexten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Machine Learning in Medicine (focus area psychiatry), University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center\u2014CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Repple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center\u2014CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mennigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Opel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilo","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Meinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Dannlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Bielefeld University, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Department of Psychiatry, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Site Jena Magdeburg Halle, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Site Jena Magdeburg Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"zoi260915r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.002","article-title":"Structural brain correlates in major depression, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder: a voxel-based morphometry meta-analysis.","volume":"129","author":"Serra-Blasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260915r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.72","article-title":"Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Wise","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260915r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19050560","article-title":"Multimodal abnormalities of brain structure and function in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.","volume":"177","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260915r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002676","article-title":"Rates and predictors of remission, recurrence and conversion to bipolar disorder after the first lifetime episode of depression\u2014a prospective 5-year follow-up study.","volume":"46","author":"Bukh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00789-3","article-title":"Dissecting diagnostic heterogeneity in depression by integrating neuroimaging and genetics.","volume":"46","author":"Buch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00454-1","article-title":"Major depressive disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260915r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.4.387","article-title":"Psychosocial disability before, during, and after a major depressive episode: a 3-wave population-based study of state, scar, and trait effects.","volume":"61","author":"Ormel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi260915r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-026-02491-2","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of depression: weak but replicable effects in 4021 individuals from three clinical cohorts.","author":"Dannlowski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260915r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.60","article-title":"Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group.","volume":"22","author":"Schmaal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi260915r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.10.011","article-title":"Brain gray matter alterations in first episodes of depression: a meta-analysis of whole-brain studies.","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260915r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.69","article-title":"Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group.","volume":"21","author":"Schmaal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260915r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23260","article-title":"Association of disease course and brain structural alterations in major depressive disorder.","volume":"39","author":"Lemke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0905","article-title":"A meta-analysis examining clinical predictors of hippocampal volume in patients with major depressive disorder.","volume":"34","author":"McKinnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi260915r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102692","article-title":"Insular and hippocampal gray matter volume reductions in patients with major depressive disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Stratmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260915r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.06.018","article-title":"Illness progression, recent stress, and morphometry of hippocampal subfields and medial prefrontal cortex in major depression.","volume":"77","author":"Treadway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260915r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.08.024","article-title":"Deficits in white matter microstructure in major depressive disorder: cause, consequence, or correlate?","volume":"86","author":"Schmaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi260915r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02075-6","article-title":"Brain structural correlates of an impending initial major depressive episode.","volume":"50","author":"Kraus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260915r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv037","article-title":"A prospective, longitudinal study of the effect of remission on cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in patients with treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"18","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260915r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.11.004","article-title":"Hippocampus atrophy and the longitudinal course of late-life depression.","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260915r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.10.1156","article-title":"Depression-related variation in brain morphology over 3 years: effects of stress?","volume":"65","author":"Frodl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260915r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.029","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessment of structural brain alterations in melancholic depression.","volume":"69","author":"Soriano-Mas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260915r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0123","article-title":"Association of brain cortical changes with relapse in patients with major depressive disorder.","volume":"75","author":"Zaremba","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02452-z","article-title":"Association of hospitalization with structural brain alterations in patients with affective disorders over nine years.","volume":"13","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.10.025","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in hippocampal volumes and cognition in remitted geriatric depressive disorder.","volume":"227","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02113-7","article-title":"Brain structural correlates of recurrence following the first episode in patients with major depressive disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Lemke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260915r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1919-8","article-title":"Longitudinal brain volume changes in major depressive disorder.","volume":"125","author":"Y\u00fcksel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260915r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416661426","article-title":"Trajectories of major depression disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal neuroimaging findings.","volume":"51","author":"Dohm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi260915r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.017","article-title":"The prospective long-term course of adult depression in general practice and the community: a systematic literature review.","volume":"152-154","author":"Steinert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260915r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12895","article-title":"Emerging depression in adolescence coincides with accelerated frontal cortical thinning.","volume":"59","author":"Bos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2356","article-title":"Early childhood depression and alterations in the trajectory of gray matter maturation in middle childhood and early adolescence.","volume":"73","author":"Luby","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260915r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.06.013","article-title":"Timing and type of early psychopathology symptoms predict longitudinal change in cortical thickness from middle childhood into early adolescence.","volume":"7","author":"Luking","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi260915r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.7.844","article-title":"Graphic representation of the life course of illness in patients with affective disorder.","volume":"145","author":"Post","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260915r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00291-8","article-title":"Associations between white matter microstructure and cognitive decline in major depressive disorder versus controls in Germany: a prospective case-control cohort study.","volume":"11","author":"Flinkenfl\u00fcgel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression.","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260915r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.04.028","article-title":"Severity classification on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.","volume":"150","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260915r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00641.x","article-title":"Elevated striatal and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity in response to emotional stimuli in euthymic bipolar disorder: no associations with psychotropic medication load.","volume":"10","author":"Hassel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260915r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180243","article-title":"Time heals all wounds? a 2-year longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study in major depressive disorder.","volume":"44","author":"Repple","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260915r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1100","article-title":"Brain morphometric biomarkers distinguishing unipolar and bipolar depression: a voxel-based morphometry-pattern classification approach.","volume":"71","author":"Redlich","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi260915r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116189","article-title":"Automated anatomical labelling atlas 3.","volume":"206","author":"Rolls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260915r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.4.323","article-title":"Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex, II: variability in locations of areas 9 and 46 and relationship to the Talairach Coordinate System.","volume":"5","author":"Rajkowska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01747-8","article-title":"Characterizing microglia activation: a spatial statistics approach to maximize information extraction.","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83491-8","article-title":"Cellular correlates of gray matter volume changes in magnetic resonance morphometry identified by two-photon microscopy.","volume":"11","author":"Asan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"zoi260915r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.002","article-title":"Imaging predictors of remission to anti-depressant medications in major depressive disorder.","volume":"186","author":"Chi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260915r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1","article-title":"Neuronal network plasticity and recovery from depression.","volume":"70","author":"Castr\u00e9n","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260915r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21086","article-title":"The non-ergodic nature of mental health and psychiatric disorders: implications for biomarker and diagnostic research.","volume":"22","author":"Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260915r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003660","article-title":"Brain structural effects of treatments for depression and biomarkers of response: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies.","volume":"50","author":"Enneking","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260915r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02197-x","article-title":"Differential impact of manic versus depressive episode recurrence on longitudinal gray matter volume changes in bipolar disorder.","volume":"51","author":"Thomas-Odenthal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260915r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.1780","article-title":"Quantifying deviations of brain structure and function in major depressive disorder across neuroimaging modalities.","volume":"79","author":"Winter","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260915r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0723-4","article-title":"Statistical approaches to longitudinal data analysis in neurodegenerative diseases: Huntington\u2019s disease as a model.","volume":"17","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260915r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03545-7","article-title":"Limbic gray matter increases in response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in major depressive disorder.","volume":"15","author":"Zwiky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260915r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E328","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.200162","article-title":"Social support and hippocampal volume are negatively associated in adults with previous experience of childhood maltreatment.","volume":"46","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260915r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25869","article-title":"Association between stressful life events and grey matter volume in the medial prefrontal cortex: a 2-year longitudinal study.","volume":"43","author":"Ringwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"zoi260915r32","author":"Wittchen"},{"key":"zoi260915r40","unstructured":"CAT12 toolbox, version r1742. CAT: A Computational Anatomy Toolbox for SPM. Accessed July 28, 2026. https:\/\/neuro-jena.github.io\/cat\/"},{"key":"zoi260915r43","unstructured":"Kraus A, Dohm K, Bexten A, et al. Brain structural changes in the course of major depressive disorder: a multilevel modeling approach to longitudinal imaging data. OSF. Updated September 15, 2025. Accessed July 28, 2026. https:\/\/osf.io\/rcfq7\/overview"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2854031\/kraus_2026_oi_260915_1788542470.76515.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:01:39Z","timestamp":1789398099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2854031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.33507","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}