{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:53:32Z","timestamp":1789487612508,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Digital health technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), have transformed health care delivery and access to health care worldwide. However, persons with disabilities, including those with injuries and traumas, remain disproportionately excluded from these innovations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To synthesize worldwide evidence on disability inclusion and health equity in digital health technologies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence Review<\/jats:title>\n This scoping review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews and synthesized literature published between 2019 and 2025. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE and Web of Science, supplemented by gray literature searches. Only English-language sources that focused on digital health, pertained to persons with disabilities, and addressed health equity were included. Searches were last conducted in December 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n Of 925 records identified, 836 were screened, 137 underwent full-text review, and 40 peer-reviewed articles were included, supplemented by 40 gray literature sources for a total of 80 included documents. Findings were structured around 5 themes: (1) factors enabling equitable access to digital health, such as accessibility by design, participatory codesign, and representative datasets; (2) key stakeholders, including persons with disabilities, caregivers, technology developers, researchers, and policymakers; (3) government-led initiatives across World Health Organization regions; (4) contextual factors, including cultural, social, and economic influences; and (5) emerging innovations, such as AI-powered assistive technologies and inclusive digital platforms. Participatory codesign and accessible design principles were consistently identified as enablers of equitable digital health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n The findings of this scoping review suggest that achieving health equity requires researchers to prioritize disability-specific metrics, conduct rigorous evaluations, and engage in participatory research with persons with disabilities. Governments should adopt international accessibility standards, developers should engage end users as codesigners, health systems should train clinicians in inclusive digital health, and civil society should advocate for inclusion and monitor compliance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.33867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:00:18Z","timestamp":1789484418000},"page":"e2633867","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inclusive Digital Health Strategies for Persons With Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Emre","family":"Umucu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Lifespan Research, The University of Texas at El Paso"},{"name":"Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas VA Medical Center, San Antonio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Vernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Rfat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown School of Social Work at Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaloyan","family":"Kamenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Gr\u00e9aux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2018.18083","article-title":"The effect of medical technology innovations on patient outcomes, 1990-2015: results of a physician survey.","volume":"25","author":"Wamble","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260922r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2017.05.001","article-title":"The endlessness evolution of medicine, continuous increase in life expectancy and constant role of the physician.","volume":"58","author":"Boudoulas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10258","key":"zoi260922r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12393-1","article-title":"The experiences, needs and barriers of people with impairments related to usability and accessibility of digital health solutions, levels of involvement in the design process and strategies for participatory and universal design: a scoping review.","volume":"22","author":"Henni","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"zoi260922r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Umucu","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13030275"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-018-0091-x","article-title":"Factors affecting access to primary health care services for persons with disabilities in rural areas: a \u201cbest-fit\u201d framework synthesis.","volume":"3","author":"Dassah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"key":"zoi260922r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104456","article-title":"Leveraging data and AI to deliver on the promise of digital health.","volume":"150","author":"Aerts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi260922r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13131616","article-title":"Enhancing healthcare for people with disabilities through artificial intelligence: evidence from Saudi Arabia.","volume":"13","author":"Alanazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"zoi260922r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241305915","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence in African health space.","author":"Alaran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57197\/JDR-2023-0060","article-title":"A conceptual model for inclusive technology: advancing disability inclusion through artificial intelligence.","volume":"3","author":"Almufareh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Disability Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260922r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100973","article-title":"Telemedicine barriers and challenges for persons with disabilities: COVID-19 and beyond.","volume":"13","author":"Annaswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"zoi260922r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117560","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in enhancing healthcare for people with disabilities.","volume":"364","author":"Olawade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21010079","article-title":"Leveraging emerging technologies to expand accessibility and improve precision in rehabilitation and exercise for people with disabilities.","volume":"21","author":"Willingham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"zoi260922r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251365472","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and health equity for people with disabilities: an integrated framework for disability-inclusive AI design.","author":"Umucu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi260922r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation.","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0644-y","article-title":"Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: a prospective exploratory study.","volume":"6","author":"Bramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic.","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi260922r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03139-8","article-title":"Integrated image-based deep learning and language models for primary diabetes care.","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"zoi260922r22","author":"Patern\u00f2","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260922r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1432","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00323-6","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and digital health in global eye health: opportunities and challenges.","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aopr.2024.03.003","article-title":"Integration of smartphone technology and artificial intelligence for advanced ophthalmic care: a systematic review.","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1646825","article-title":"3D Printing and amputation: a scoping review.","volume":"16","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"zoi260922r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/51153","article-title":"Ethical and quality of care-related challenges of digital health twins in older care settings: protocol for a scoping review.","volume":"13","author":"Jabin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"zoi260922r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582241285743","article-title":"AI and disability: a systematic scoping review.","author":"El Morr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Informatics J"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.13181","article-title":"From assistive to inclusive? a systematic review of the uses and effects of technology to support people with pervasive support needs.","volume":"37","author":"Piekema","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49750","article-title":"Use of assistive technology for persons with psychosocial disability: systematic review.","volume":"10","author":"Ebuenyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260922r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00313","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of the adoption and use of assistive technology for adults with an intellectual disability who live in supported accommodation: a mixed methods systematic review protocol.","volume":"21","author":"Morris","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-021-00841-z","article-title":"Mobile learning for hearing-impaired children: review and analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Herrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Univers Access Inf Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2019.1600066","article-title":"A systematic review investigating outcome measures and uptake barriers when children and youth with complex disabilities use eye gaze assistive technology.","volume":"23","author":"Perfect","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"key":"zoi260922r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47630","article-title":"Improving social isolation and loneliness among adolescents with physical disabilities through group-based virtual reality gaming: feasibility pre-post trial study.","volume":"7","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1768308","article-title":"Aesthetics and the perceived stigma of assistive technology for visual impairment.","volume":"17","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291228","article-title":"Accessible independent housing for people with disabilities: a scoping review of promising practices, policies and interventions.","volume":"19","author":"Lindsay","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260922r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2024.2316891","article-title":"Rehabilitation clinicians\u2019 use of mainstream wireless technologies in practice: a scoping review.","volume":"19","author":"Dicianno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi260922r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2105960","article-title":"Health information seeking in the digital age: a national survey of women with disabilities.","volume":"45","author":"Robinson-Whelen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260922r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2022.100445","article-title":"The impact of digital physical therapy during COVID-19 lockdown in children with developmental disorders: a qualitative study.","volume":"26","author":"Portillo-Aceituno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260922r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2021.2008530","article-title":"Inaccessible possibilities: experiences of using ICT to engage with services among young persons with disabilities.","volume":"18","author":"Liaaen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"zoi260922r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii2","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riad074.002","article-title":"Digital behavioural interventions to reduce opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain patients: a systematic review.","volume":"31","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi260922r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121203","article-title":"Digital technologies for children and parents sharing self-management in childhood chronic or long-term conditions: a scoping review.","volume":"8","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260922r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2021.101132","article-title":"Virtual health care for adult patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a scoping review.","volume":"14","author":"Selick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15094-z","article-title":"Disability digital divide: survey of accessibility of eHealth services as perceived by people with and without impairment.","volume":"23","author":"Pettersson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260922r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2021.0490","article-title":"Impact of hearing loss on communication during remote health care encounters.","volume":"28","author":"Saunders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2019.02.013","article-title":"Design and development of a mobile app of drug information for people with visual impairment.","volume":"16","author":"Madrigal-Cadavid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.1.11","article-title":"Field evaluation of a mobile app for assisting blind and visually impaired travelers to find bus stops.","volume":"13","author":"Pundlik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/bld.12521","article-title":"Digital technology design activities\u2014a means for promoting the digital inclusion of young adults with intellectual disabilities.","volume":"51","author":"Safari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"zoi260922r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1194892","article-title":"Bridging the gap in healthcare: creating an online health information prototype for individuals with intellectual disabilities to promote equity and knowledge transfer.","volume":"11","author":"Dam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"zoi260922r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa428","article-title":"Usability assessment of the rehabilitation lower-limb orthopedic assistive device by service members and veterans with lower limb loss.","volume":"186","author":"Symsack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000152","article-title":"Usability of Self-Management for Amputee Rehabilitation Using Technology (SMART): an online self-management program for users with lower limb loss.","volume":"47","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab273","article-title":"Telehealth experiences of providers and patients who use augmentative and alternative communication.","volume":"29","author":"Beneteau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2023.4","article-title":"Creating a consumer-driven global community of practice to support action within environmental design with people living with dementia: assistive technology challenges and opportunities.","volume":"24","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Impair"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260922r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2023.2198661","article-title":"Digitalization of welfare organizations for persons with intellectual disabilities: between democratic ideals, legitimacy and institutional logics.","volume":"39","author":"Eriksson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260922r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288147","article-title":"Provision of rehabilitation for congenital conditions.","volume":"100","author":"Smythe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33819","article-title":"Digital health paradox: international policy perspectives to address increased health inequalities for people living with disabilities.","volume":"24","author":"van Kessel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260922r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac136","article-title":"Engaging the disability community in informatics research: rationales and practical steps.","volume":"29","author":"Valdez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"zoi260922r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/52410","article-title":"mHealth technology experiences of middle-aged and older individuals with visual impairments: cross-sectional interview study.","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"zoi260922r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50029","article-title":"Digital health equity and tailored health care service for people with disability: user-centered design and usability study.","volume":"25","author":"Ha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"zoi260922r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.21037\/jmai-24-415","article-title":"Disability and algorithmic fairness in healthcare: a narrative review.","author":"Vogt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Artif Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260922r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1785564","article-title":"A review: accessible technology through participatory design.","volume":"17","author":"Quintero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260922r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000509","article-title":"Construction of the digital health equity-focused implementation research conceptual model\u2014bridging the divide between equity-focused digital health and implementation research.","volume":"3","author":"Groom","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-020-00230-x","article-title":"Virtual reality and augmented reality for children, adolescents, and adults with communication disability and neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2022.2087770","article-title":"Enhancing neurocognitive health, abilities, networks, & community engagement for older adults with cognitive impairments through technology: a scoping review introducing the ENHANCE Center.","volume":"19","author":"Sanders","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260922r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14080856","article-title":"Breaking sound barriers: exploring tele-audiology\u2019s impact on hearing healthcare.","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02035-w","article-title":"Health equity for persons with disabilities: a global scoping review on barriers and interventions in healthcare services.","volume":"22","author":"Gr\u00e9aux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"zoi260922r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105152","article-title":"The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024): implications for healthcare.","volume":"149","author":"van Kolfschooten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2023.101463","article-title":"Telehealth information and communication technology access for family caregivers of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and mental health needs.","volume":"16","author":"Kramer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-02884-1","article-title":"Examining inclusivity: the use of AI and diverse populations in health and social care: a systematic review.","volume":"25","author":"Marko","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2022.2099021","article-title":"Assistive technology needs, access and coverage, and related barriers and facilitators in the WHO European region: a scoping review.","volume":"19","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260922r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13050556","article-title":"Integrating AI and assistive technologies in healthcare: insights from a narrative review of reviews.","volume":"13","author":"Giansanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260922r87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2023.2239996","article-title":"Accessibility of public buildings in the United States: a cross-sectional survey.","volume":"39","author":"Burns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260922r88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002645","article-title":"Digital health interventions for improving access to primary care in India: a scoping review.","volume":"4","author":"Vasanthan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260922r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2021.0460","article-title":"m-Health applications for hearing loss: a scoping review.","volume":"28","author":"Frisby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"key":"zoi260922r90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth-23-49","article-title":"A mHealth application for the training of caregivers of children with developmental disorders in South Africa: rationale and initial piloting.","volume":"10","author":"De Leo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mhealth"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi260922r92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8531","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218531","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence of Things applied to assistive technology: a systematic literature review.","volume":"22","author":"de Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi260922r96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094521","article-title":"Uneven terrain recognition using neuromorphic haptic feedback.","volume":"23","author":"Prasanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34207","article-title":"Improving diagnosis through digital pathology: proof-of-concept implementation using smart contracts and decentralized file storage.","volume":"24","author":"Subramanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"zoi260922r98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/0963828031000137063","article-title":"The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: a new tool for understanding disability and health.","volume":"25","author":"Ust\u00fcn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi260922r102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1754929","article-title":"Human visual skills for brain-computer interface use: a tutorial.","volume":"15","author":"Fried-Oken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi260922r103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1763462","article-title":"Mainstream technology to support basic communication and leisure in people with neurological disorders, motor impairment and lack of speech.","volume":"34","author":"Lancioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi260922r104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2023.2190988","article-title":"Zoom in screen with simultaneous prompting to teach young children with autism.","volume":"70","author":"Olcay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2169773","article-title":"Perceptions of a virtual reality sensory room for adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities.","volume":"46","author":"Mills","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2021.0241","article-title":"Where exactly is the therapist in virtual reality and game-based rehabilitation applications? a randomized controlled trial in children with specific learning disability.","volume":"11","author":"K\u00f6se","year":"2022","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"key":"zoi260922r108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.02.005","article-title":"Telemedicine for individuals with epilepsy: recommendations from the International League Against Epilepsy telemedicine task force.","volume":"106","author":"Samia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi260922r109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22899","article-title":"Therapy service delivery for children with disabilities during COVID-19: parent perceptions and implementation recommendations.","volume":"51","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2023-300670","article-title":"Digital mental health: challenges and next steps.","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10193-4","article-title":"Usability and feasibility of E-nergEYEze: a blended vision-specific e-health based cognitive behavioral therapy and self-management intervention to reduce fatigue in adults with visual impairment.","volume":"23","author":"Veldman","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24356","article-title":"Application of an adaptive, digital, game-based approach for cognitive assessment in multiple sclerosis: observational study.","volume":"23","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi260922r113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29842","article-title":"Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of depression and anxiety in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"24","author":"Wickersham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18773","article-title":"Digital health interventions for cardiac rehabilitation: systematic literature review.","volume":"23","author":"Wongvibulsin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"zoi260922r115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43542","article-title":"Digital technologies for health promotion and disease prevention in older people: scoping review.","volume":"25","author":"De Santis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"zoi260922r116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.08.003","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"61","author":"Carl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"zoi260922r117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2019.101315","article-title":"Digital healthcare technology adoption by elderly people: a capability approach model.","volume":"53","author":"Nikou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telemat Inform"},{"key":"zoi260922r118","author":"Skaczkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"zoi260922r119","author":"Mendonca","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi260922r121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-024-00573-3","article-title":"Community-based participatory-research through co-design: supporting collaboration from all sides of disability.","volume":"10","author":"Benz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Involv Engagem"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"zoi260922r122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2025.2462679","article-title":"Methods for co-designing health communication initiatives with people with disability: a scoping review.","volume":"30","author":"Chapman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi260922r123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-023-03794-2","article-title":"Developing workforce skills and capacity in telehealth: what LEND trainees need to know.","volume":"28","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi260922r124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1007\/s13384-025-00838-0","article-title":"What autistic students say about their learning and teaching experiences in mainstream secondary school: a scoping review.","volume":"52","author":"Kasztelan Chapman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust Educ Res"},{"key":"zoi260922r125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2025.2560670","article-title":"Designing an mHealth prototype for people with disabilities: insights from co-design and heuristic evaluation.","author":"Adler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi260922r128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000135","article-title":"A roadmap to reduce information inequities in disability with digital health and natural language processing.","volume":"1","author":"Newman-Griffis","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"zoi260922r132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.729149","article-title":"Social technology: an interdisciplinary approach to improving care for older adults.","volume":"9","author":"Kleinman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi260922r137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2021.1883751","article-title":"Available apps for stroke telerehabilitation during corona virus disease 2019 confinement in Spain.","volume":"18","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"zoi260922r3","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Elgar Encyclopedia on the Economics of Knowledge and Innovation","author":"Lichtenberg","year":"2022"},{"key":"zoi260922r36","author":"Lai","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi260922r38","first-page":"191","author":"Geppert","year":"2023"},{"key":"zoi260922r50","author":"Jacob","year":"2023"},{"key":"zoi260922r62","author":"Siebelink","year":"2024"},{"key":"zoi260922r74","author":"Layton"},{"key":"zoi260922r93","author":"Mitchell"},{"key":"zoi260922r130","author":"National Council on Disability","year":"2022"},{"key":"zoi260922r133","author":"Lawrence","year":"2022"},{"key":"zoi260922r1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Report on Health Equity for Persons With Disabilities. World Health Organization; 2022. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/sensory-functions-disability-and-rehabilitation\/global-report-on-health-equity-for-persons-with-disabilities"},{"key":"zoi260922r13","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union. ITU guidelines on how to ensure that digital information, services and products are accessible by all people, including persons with disabilities during COVID-19. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Digital-Inclusion\/Persons-with-Disabilities\/Pages\/COVID-19-Guidelines.aspx"},{"key":"zoi260922r28","unstructured":"Guo? A, Kamar? E, Vaughan? JW, Wallach? H, Morris? MR. Toward fairness in AI for people with disabilities: a research roadmap. ACM SIGACCESS newsletter. October 2019. Accessed August 5, 2026. https:\/\/www.sigaccess.org\/newsletter\/2019-10\/guo.html"},{"key":"zoi260922r29","unstructured":"European Commission. European AI Office. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/ai-office"},{"key":"zoi260922r30","unstructured":"James N. AI and new technologies in services for persons with disabilities. European Disability Forum. February 6, 2025. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.edf-feph.org\/blog\/ai-and-new-technologies-in-services-for-persons-with-disabilities\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r64","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global report on assistive technology. May 15, 2022. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240049451"},{"key":"zoi260922r73","unstructured":"Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund. Disability bias in clinical algorithms: recommendations for healthcare organizations. January 2023. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/dredf.org\/disability-bias-in-clinical-algorithms-recommendations-for-healthcare-organizations\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r76","unstructured":"Hong? R. Government boosting digital inclusion for persons with disabilities. The Phnom Penh Post. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/phnompenhpost.com\/national\/government-boosting-digital-inclusion-for-persons-with-disabilities\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r77","unstructured":"US Access Board. US Access Board holds signing of artificial intelligence memorandum of understanding with disability and technology partners. May 15, 2024. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.access-board.gov\/news\/2024\/05\/15\/u-s-access-board-holds-signing-of-artificial-intelligence-memorandum-of-understanding-with-disability-and-technology-partners\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r79","unstructured":"People with Disability Australia. Australian Digital Health Agency\u2014improving digital health accessibility and inclusion. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/pwd.org.au\/projects\/australian-digital-health-agency\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r80","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare. Healthcare 4.0 era for healthy Korea. April 24, 2023. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.mohw.go.kr\/board.es?mid=a20401000000&bid=0032&tag=&act=view&list_no=375996"},{"key":"zoi260922r81","unstructured":"African Union Development Agency. Disability is not inability: addressing the disability divide in Africa using smart technologies. May 31, 2021. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.nepad.org\/blog\/disability-not-inability-addressing-disability-divide-africa-using-smart-technologies"},{"key":"zoi260922r82","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Sanitation. Assistive technology (AT) policy and strategic plan 2021-25. Government of Sierra Leone. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/at2030.org\/static\/at2030_core\/outputs\/Assistive_Technology_Policy__Strategy_23-11-21_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"zoi260922r91","unstructured":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. Speech accessibility project. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/speechaccessibilityproject.beckman.illinois.edu\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r94","unstructured":"Edwards? J. How AI is revolutionizing prosthetics to refine movement. Information Week. August 30, 2024. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.informationweek.com\/machine-learning-ai\/how-ai-is-revolutionizing-prosthetics-to-refine-movement"},{"key":"zoi260922r95","unstructured":"Wills E, Mistry P, Gower C. Designing inclusive and trusted digital health services with people and communities. The King\u2019s Fund. January 30, 2025. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.kingsfund.org.uk\/insight-and-analysis\/long-reads\/inclusive-digital-services-people-communities"},{"key":"zoi260922r99","unstructured":"Publications Office of the European Union. Union of equality: strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities 2021-2030. European Union. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/3e1e2228-7c97-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en"},{"key":"zoi260922r100","unstructured":"Felix A. Ensuring artificial intelligence systems respect disability rights. European Disability Forum. April 4, 2024. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.edf-feph.org\/ensuring-artificial-intelligence-systems-respect-disability-rights\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r101","unstructured":"European Platform for Rehabilitation. EPR briefing: ethical use of AI in services for persons with disabilities. 2024. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.epr.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/EPR-AI-Briefing-2024.pdf"},{"key":"zoi260922r107","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Assistive technology. January 2, 2024. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/assistive-technology"},{"key":"zoi260922r120","unstructured":"World Wide Web Consortium. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG21\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r126","unstructured":"International Disability Alliance. Guide for organizations of persons with disabilities: driving health equity through inclusive health system strengthening. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ida_healthequityguide_0.pdf"},{"key":"zoi260922r127","unstructured":"Center for Global Digital Health Innovation. Highlights of the digital healthcare equity framework. John Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. October 2024. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/center-for-global-digital-health-innovation\/highlights-of-the-digital-healthcare-equity-framework"},{"key":"zoi260922r129","unstructured":"European Union Artificial Intelligence Act. The AI Act explorer. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/artificialintelligenceact.eu\/?s=disability&et_pb_searchform_submit=et_search_proccess&et_pb_include_posts=yes&et_pb_include_pages=yes"},{"key":"zoi260922r131","unstructured":"Down Syndrome International. WHO \u201cGuide to Action\u201d feedback. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/ds-int.org\/who-guide-to-action-feedback\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r134","unstructured":"Heart n Soul. You and me. The Health Foundation. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.health.org.uk\/funding-and-fellowships\/projects\/you-and-me"},{"key":"zoi260922r135","unstructured":"World Health Organization, International Telecommunication Union. WHO-ITU global standard for accessibility of telehealth services. World Health Organization. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/356160"},{"key":"zoi260922r136","unstructured":"Sheon? A, Khoong? E. Health affairs policy brief: pillars, policies, and plausible pathways linking digital inclusion and health equity. Massachusetts Healthy Aging Collaborative. May 8, 2024. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/mahealthyagingcollaborative.org\/health-affairs-policy-brief-pillars-policies-and-plausible-pathways-linking-digital-inclusion-and-health-equity\/"},{"key":"zoi260922r138","unstructured":"World Health Organization. OpenTeleRehab: a success story of inclusive telerehabilitation. May 2, 2025. Accessed August 6, 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/02-05-2025-opentelerehab-a-success-story-of-inclusive-telerehabilitation"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2854057\/umucu_2026_oi_260922_1788884300.11917.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:00:33Z","timestamp":1789484433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2854057"}},"subtitle":["A Scoping Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.33867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}