{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:02:16Z","timestamp":1789574536672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This cross-sectional study examines how demographics and characteristics of individuals with cerebral palsy across the US associate with Gross Motor Function Classification System level and genetic etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.34523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:02:31Z","timestamp":1789570951000},"page":"e2634523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of Individuals With Cerebral Palsy Across the US"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bhooma R.","family":"Aravamuthan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Neurology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy F.","family":"Bailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Physiatry, Akron Children\u2019s Hospital, Akron, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristie","family":"Bjornson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Oklahoma Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeline","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Mott Children\u2019s Hospital, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Gillette Children\u2019s Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Gelineau-Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Glader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebral Palsy Research Network, Greenville, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A.","family":"Hurvitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kruer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Larrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neena I.","family":"Marupudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Mott Children\u2019s Hospital, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick G.","family":"McPhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebral Palsy Research Network, Greenville, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mt Washington Pediatric Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garey","family":"Noritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Oleszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bethany Children\u2019s Health Center, Bethany, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Raskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Riordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phelps Center for Cerebral Palsy, Kennedy Kreiger Institute, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon G.","family":"Rocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children\u2019s of Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish N.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Wade","family":"Shrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours Children\u2019s Health Delaware, A.I. duPont Campus, Thomas Jefferson Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Wilmington, Delaware"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee-Campbell Clinic, Memphis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sruthi P.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce P.","family":"Trost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebral Palsy Research Network, Greenville, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Wisniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebral Palsy Research Network, Greenville, South Carolina"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Cerebral Palsy Research Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Cerebral Palsy Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Cerebral Palsy Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Novachek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Cerebral Palsy Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Wozow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Cerebral Palsy Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenandoah","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Cerebral Palsy Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Cerebral Palsy Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Bollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the Cerebral Palsy Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"zld260205r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15346","article-title":"Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis.","volume":"64","author":"McIntyre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zld260205r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15798","article-title":"Cerebral palsy registers around the world: A survey.","volume":"66","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zld260205r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.042","article-title":"Prevalence and functioning of children with cerebral palsy in four areas of the United States in 2006: a report from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network.","volume":"32","author":"Kirby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"zld260205r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-210011","article-title":"The cerebral palsy research network: Building a learning health network for cerebral palsy.","volume":"14","author":"Bailes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zld260205r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x","article-title":"Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"39","author":"Palisano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zld260205r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03141.x","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the guidelines of the surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe for the classification of cerebral palsy.","volume":"50","author":"Gainsborough","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zld260205r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15730","article-title":"Multiple motor disorders in cerebral palsy.","volume":"66","author":"Dar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zld260205r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04044.x","article-title":"Using the Gross Motor Function Classification System to describe patterns of motor severity in cerebral palsy.","volume":"53","author":"Reid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"zld260205r8","unstructured":"PCORnet. Accessed July 19, 2025. https:\/\/pcornet.org\/"},{"key":"zld260205r9","unstructured":"US Census Regions and Divisions. Geographic levels. 2021. Accessed December 31, 2025. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/economic-census\/guidance-geographies\/levels.html#par_textimage_34"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2854123\/aravamuthan_2026_ld_260205_1788960872.49104.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:02:34Z","timestamp":1789570954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2854123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.34523","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}