{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:46:09Z","timestamp":1791992769628,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Burnout, engagement, and satisfaction vary in prevalence and correlate with organizational performance in US medical colleges. Large-scale improvements have been elusive.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To quantify rates of well-being and its organizational correlates so to help identify opportunities for shared learning and focus well-being interventions across and within medical schools.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional study, 28 US medical schools accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education were surveyed from January 26, 2021, through June 3, 2024. Of 28\u202f919 eligible faculty, 16 994 participated (58.8%; range, 21% to 92%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n The Association of American Medical Colleges' StandPoint Faculty Engagement Survey.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n The psychological states of burnout, satisfaction, and organizational commitment as a proxy for engagement and their antecedents. Heterogeneity beyond chance was quantified in the rates across and within schools using the\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n statistic. Positive deviants, or bright spots, were identified as those schools and departments whose confidence intervals did not include the group mean rate. Regression analyses assessed the factors contributing to the success of the positive deviants.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Across 15 404 respondents (9093 [53.5%] identified as men), a pooled 32% reported burnout. Across schools, there was substantial heterogeneity in rates beyond chance of burnout (13%-41%;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200975%), commitment (pooled 80% [range, 74%-95%];\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200982%), and satisfaction (pooled 77% [range, 62%-86%];\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200980%). Few departments (67 of 502 [13.3%]) had a favorable rate of both commitment and burnout. For rates of burnout at the department level, 32% of the variance was explained by the rates of burnout of their school and discipline; the rates of autonomy, purpose, and belonging; and gender and age. The burnout of individuals was explained by the mean burnout score of one\u2019s department (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20094%), with no contribution by the school or discipline. When combined with the factors contributing to departmental variation, 24% of the variance in burnout across individuals was explained.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional study, the substantial heterogeneity beyond chance and identification of positive deviants (bright spots) support the opportunity for learning health systems and learning communities across and within schools and professional societies to identify positive deviant departments or schools and share details of implementing existing successful practices for promoting well-being. Both burnout and engagement should be monitored within and across medical schools, as these measures may not converge.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.39005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:00:17Z","timestamp":1791990017000},"page":"e2639005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Institutional Data for Faculty Well-Being Improvements Within and Across Medical Schools"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Badgett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, KU School of Medicine\u2013Wichita, Wichita, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Balas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine F.","family":"Pipas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Courand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Hartwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, KU School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie M.","family":"Dandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"zoi261051r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1152","article-title":"Evidence relating health care provider burnout and quality of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"171","author":"Tawfik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi261051r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06045-0","article-title":"Hospital workforce engagement and inpatient mortality rate: findings from the English National Health Service staff surveys.","volume":"35","author":"Badgett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi261051r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.12.022","article-title":"The correlation between National Health Service trusts\u2019 clinical trial activity and both mortality rates and care quality commission ratings: a retrospective cross-sectional study.","volume":"157","author":"Jonker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi261051r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1422","article-title":"Estimating the attributable cost of physician burnout in the United States.","volume":"170","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi261051r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12777","article-title":"Prevalence of burnout among physicians: a systematic review.","volume":"320","author":"Rotenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi261051r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2024.11.031","article-title":"Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2023.","volume":"100","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi261051r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12524","article-title":"A practical guide to using the positive deviance method in health services research.","volume":"52","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"zoi261051r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-25","article-title":"Research in action: using positive deviance to improve quality of health care.","volume":"4","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"7475","key":"zoi261051r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7475.1177","article-title":"The power of positive deviance.","volume":"329","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi261051r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1742715012468784","article-title":"Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance.","volume":"9","author":"Lindberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leadership"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi261051r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.14236\/jhi.v25i2.996","article-title":"The Heimdall framework for supporting characterisation of learning health systems.","volume":"25","author":"McLachlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Innov Health Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi261051r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2017.12.009","article-title":"Leadership for organizational adaptability: a theoretical synthesis and integrative framework.","volume":"29","author":"Uhl-Bien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi261051r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2994-0","article-title":"Embracing uncertainty, managing complexity: applying complexity thinking principles to transformation efforts in healthcare systems.","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi261051r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030020205","article-title":"The measurement of experienced burnout.","volume":"2","author":"Maslach","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000430","article-title":"An ultra-short measure for work engagement: the UWES-3 validation across five countries.","volume":"35","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi261051r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-19.3.194","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a single-item measure of job satisfaction.","volume":"19","author":"Dolbier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-08685-y","article-title":"A systematic review of the single-item burnout question: its reliability depends on your purpose.","volume":"39","author":"Hagan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi261051r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1566-9","article-title":"Meta-analysis of proportions.","volume":"2345","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7414","key":"zoi261051r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses.","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06661-4","article-title":"Establishing crosswalks between common measures of burnout in US physicians.","volume":"37","author":"Brady","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi261051r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-021-09750-7","article-title":"A curvilinear relationship between work engagement and job performance: the roles of feedback-seeking behavior and personal resources.","volume":"37","author":"Bouckenooghe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bus Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi261051r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/job.248","article-title":"Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study.","volume":"25","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1097\/JHQ.0000000000000130","article-title":"Impact of surgeon self-evaluation and positive deviance on postoperative adverse events after non-cardiac thoracic surgery.","volume":"40","author":"Ivanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Healthc Qual"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi261051r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1209","article-title":"Association of a regional health improvement collaborative with ambulatory care\u2013sensitive hospitalizations.","volume":"37","author":"Tanenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi261051r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06480-z","article-title":"Improving regional blood pressure control: a positive deviance tiered intensity approach.","volume":"36","author":"Bolen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028016681030","article-title":"Results of a regional effort to improve warfarin management.","volume":"51","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi261051r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.237","article-title":"The positive effects of an antimicrobial stewardship program targeting outpatient hemodialysis facilities.","volume":"39","author":"D\u2019Agata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi261051r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-016-0082-9","article-title":"Using positive deviance to reduce medication errors in a tertiary care hospital.","volume":"17","author":"Ferracini","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi261051r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.004","article-title":"Executive leadership and physician well-being: nine organizational strategies to promote engagement and reduce burnout.","volume":"92","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.01.012","article-title":"Impact of organizational leadership on physician burnout and satisfaction.","volume":"90","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860617691605","article-title":"Leadership and physician burnout: using the annual review to reduce burnout and promote engagement.","volume":"32","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003907","article-title":"Wellness-centered leadership: equipping health care leaders to cultivate physician well-being and professional fulfillment.","volume":"96","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"zoi261051r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-013-0080-1","article-title":"Key factors in work engagement and job motivation of teaching faculty at a university medical centre.","volume":"2","author":"van den Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi261051r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.47894","article-title":"Well-being parameters and intention to leave current institution among academic physicians.","volume":"6","author":"Ligibel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"18","key":"zoi261051r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3199","article-title":"Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population.","volume":"172","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi261051r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36745","article-title":"Patterns in physician burnout in a stable-linked cohort.","volume":"6","author":"Ortega","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi261051r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/JHL.S487849","article-title":"Physician leadership and its effect on physician burnout and satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"17","author":"Spilg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Healthc Leadersh"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi261051r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.35622","article-title":"Assessment of the association of leadership behaviors of supervising physicians with personal-organizational values alignment among staff physicians.","volume":"4","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888406291310","article-title":"Crossover of burnout and engagement in work teams.","volume":"33","author":"Bakker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Work Occup"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2020.101387","article-title":"The relative importance of participative versus decisive behavior in predicting stakeholders\u2019 perceptions of leader effectiveness.","volume":"31","author":"Aramovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi261051r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12487","DOI":"10.5465\/AMBPP.2022.12487abstract","article-title":"Endorsing deliberation but selecting intuitive decision-makers.","volume":"2022","author":"Tolsa-Caballero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Manag Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi261051r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2020.101442","article-title":"Leader decision speed as a signal of honesty.","volume":"32","author":"Van de Calseyde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"zoi261051r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13505076241269746","article-title":"How do inclusive leaders emerge? a theory-based model.","author":"Mor Barak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag Learn"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000361","article-title":"The effects of leadership levels and gender on leader well-being.","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2021.1498","article-title":"Taking your team behind the curtain: the effects of leader feedback-sharing and feedback-seeking on team psychological safety.","volume":"33","author":"Coutifaris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Organ Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi261051r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae295","article-title":"A legend in one\u2019s own mind: the link between ambition and leadership evaluations.","volume":"3","author":"Alzahawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Nexus"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi261051r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2024.101822","article-title":"Gender and evaluations of leadership behaviors: a meta-analytic review of 50 years of research.","volume":"35","author":"Paustian-Underdahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi261051r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1121","article-title":"Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one\u2019s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.","volume":"77","author":"Kruger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"zoi261051r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.3930320205","article-title":"An examination of the relationships among self-perception accuracy, self-awareness, gender, and leader effectiveness.","volume":"32","author":"Van Velsor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1991.tb01002.x","article-title":"Congruence of self and others\u2019 leadership ratings of naval officers for understanding successful performance.","volume":"40","author":"Bass","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12230","article-title":"More than money: motivating physician behavior change in accountable care organizations.","volume":"94","author":"Phipps-Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi261051r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000353263","article-title":"Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia.","volume":"83","author":"Ryff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi261051r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002860","article-title":"Treating the \u201cnot-invented-here syndrome\u201d in medical leadership: learning from the insights of outside disciplines.","volume":"94","author":"Myers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0350023","article-title":"Benefits and harms of copyright restrictions and conditions on burnout and other psychometric assessment scales.","volume":"21","author":"Badgett","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi261051r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/JHM-D-24-00166","article-title":"Who\u2019s not talking? nonresponse bias in healthcare employee well-being surveys.","volume":"70","author":"Rhodes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Healthc Manag"},{"key":"zoi261051r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07653-8","article-title":"Abstracts from the 2022 Annual Meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine.","volume":"37","author":"Boyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi261051r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjdsi.2020.100451","article-title":"The impact of survey nonresponse on estimates of healthcare employee burnout.","volume":"8","author":"Simonetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthc (Amst)"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi261051r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/job.756","article-title":"Thriving at work: toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement.","volume":"33","author":"Porath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi261051r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03982-7","article-title":"Counting regulations and measuring regulatory impact: a call for nuance.","volume":"11","author":"Shapiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi261051r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1716845","article-title":"Beyond burnout: redesigning care to restore meaning and sanity for physicians.","volume":"378","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"zoi261051r10","volume-title":"Switch: How to Change Things When Change Is Hard","author":"Heath","year":"2010"},{"key":"zoi261051r16","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century","author":"Plsek","year":"2001"},{"key":"zoi261051r24","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Handbook of Positive Psychology Assessment","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2022"},{"key":"zoi261051r39","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Work Rules!: Insights from Inside Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead","author":"Bock","year":"2015"},{"key":"zoi261051r5","unstructured":"2014 Work and Well-Being Survey. APA Center for Organization Excellence. April 2014. Accessed September 17, 2026. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201117000701\/https:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/2014\/04\/employee-distrust"},{"key":"zoi261051r6","unstructured":"Job satisfaction in general. GSS Data Explorer. September 10, 2023. Accessed September 10, 2023. https:\/\/gssdataexplorer.norc.org\/variables\/2838\/vshow"},{"key":"zoi261051r7","unstructured":"The NHS Staff Survey 2022 national dashboards: I will probably look for a job at a new organisation in the next 12 months. Tableau Software. Accessed September 17, 2026. https:\/\/nhssurveys.co.uk\/nss\/questions\/national"},{"key":"zoi261051r19","unstructured":"StandPoint Faculty Engagement Survey. American Association of Medical Colleges. Accessed October 12, 2025. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/services\/member-capacity-building\/standpoint-surveys\/faculty-engagement-survey"},{"key":"zoi261051r27","unstructured":"Higgins? J, Thomas? J, Chandler? J, . 10.10.2 Identifying and measuring heterogeneity. In: Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. February 2021. Accessed May 31, 2021. https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook\/current\/chapter-10#section-10-10-2"},{"key":"zoi261051r28","unstructured":"Luchman? J. domir: Tools to support relative importance analysis. R Package Documentation. July 11, 2022. Accessed March 11, 2023. https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/domir\/"},{"key":"zoi261051r29","unstructured":"Schwarzer? G. meta: General package for meta-analysis. January 12, 2024. Accessed March 24, 2024. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/meta\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi261051r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah? HO, AL-Abrrow? H, Alnoor? A, Al-Lami? GT. Tightrope-walking leadership: flexible and efficient leaders. In: Ricciardelli A, Valeri M, eds. Organisational Behaviour and Design. Springer Nature Switzerland; 2025:147-166. Accessed September 22, 2026. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-031-80422-9_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-80422-9_9"},{"key":"zoi261051r70","unstructured":"Garvin? DA. How Google sold its engineers on management. Harvard Business Review. December 1, 2013. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2013\/12\/how-google-sold-its-engineers-on-management"},{"key":"zoi261051r71","unstructured":"Great managers still matter: the evolution of Google\u2019s Project Oxygen. re:Work. February 27, 2018. Accessed September 21, 2026. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230716041332\/https:\/\/rework.withgoogle.com\/blog\/the-evolution-of-project-oxygen\/"},{"key":"zoi261051r72","unstructured":"Badgett? RG. Surveys of workforce well-being and antecedents: a compendium. EBMgt.github.io. February 5, 2025. Accessed February 8, 2025. https:\/\/ebmgt.github.io\/survey-compendium\/"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2855280\/badgett_2026_oi_261051_1791381212.05048.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:00:25Z","timestamp":1791990025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2855280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.39005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]}}}