{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:51:22Z","timestamp":1791273082649,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Autoantibodies targeting astrocytes, such as those against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or aquaporin protein 4, are crucial diagnostic markers for autoimmune astrocytopathy among central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disorders. However, diagnosis remains challenging for patients lacking specific autoantibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To characterize a syndrome of unknown meningoencephalomyelitis associated with an astrocytic autoantibody.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This retrospective case series study included samples collected from April 2021 to May 2024 at a tertiary referral hospital among patients with uncharacterized CNS autoimmune disorders and similar clinical and radiological features. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells of 2 index patients to identify the putative target antigen of the clonally expanded B cells. A comprehensive screening for additional patients was conducted using blinded cell-based and tissue-based assay. Candidate patients were followed up for a median (range) duration of 23 (5-31) months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>scRNA-seq, autoantibody characterization, and testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Detection of the autoantibody and characterization of the associated autoimmune meningoencephalomyelitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Fourteen candidate patients (10 [71%] female; median [IQR] age, 33 [23-41] years) were identified. Initially, CSF from 2 female patients with unknown encephalomyelitis showed astrocytic reactivity on rat tissue but was negative for GFAP IgG. A total of 17 of 37 clonally expanded B cell clonotypes (46%) in their CSF expressed IgG autoantibodies targeting the astrocytic intermediate filament protein vimentin. Subsequent screening identified 12 additional patients. These 14 patients shared a unique clinical profile characterized by relapsing courses and symptoms prominently involving the cerebellum, brainstem, and corticospinal tract (CST). All patients also exhibited elevated CSF protein and cells, intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing bilateral lesions on CST. Notably, 8 of 12 patients (67%) who received first-line immunotherapy at their first episode responded well. At the last follow-up, 11 patients (79%) experienced significant disability (modified Rankin Scale \u22653).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this case series, autoantibodies targeting the astrocytic intermediate filament protein vimentin were identified in patients with previously undifferentiated meningoencephalomyelitis and common radiographic features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.4763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T16:13:40Z","timestamp":1737476020000},"page":"247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Novel Meningoencephalomyelitis Associated With Vimentin IgG Autoantibodies"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Dongshan","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoxin","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhandong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxue","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyue","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinmei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youming","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Ichi","family":"Kira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"noi240087r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis.","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"noi240087r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00543-w","article-title":"Autoantibodies in neurological disease.","volume":"21","author":"Pr\u00fcss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi240087r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0381-z","article-title":"The B cell immunobiology that underlies CNS autoantibody-mediated diseases.","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi240087r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00776-4","article-title":"Origins and immunopathogenesis of autoimmune central nervous system disorders.","volume":"19","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi240087r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000883","article-title":"Epidemiology of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and autoimmune encephalitides in France.","volume":"7","author":"H\u00e9bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi240087r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25131","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis.","volume":"83","author":"Dubey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"noi240087r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww208","article-title":"Human cerebrospinal fluid monoclonal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoantibodies are sufficient for encephalitis pathogenesis.","volume":"139","author":"Kreye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"14","key":"noi240087r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.025","article-title":"Structural mechanisms of GABAA receptor autoimmune encephalitis.","volume":"185","author":"Noviello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi240087r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25666","article-title":"Human cerebrospinal fluid monoclonal LGI1 autoantibodies increase neuronal excitability.","volume":"87","author":"Kornau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"37","key":"noi240087r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008523117","article-title":"A pathogenic and clonally expanded B cell transcriptome in active multiple sclerosis.","volume":"117","author":"Ramesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7900","key":"noi240087r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM.","volume":"603","author":"Lanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"26","key":"noi240087r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.015","article-title":"Ineffective control of Epstein-Barr-virus-induced autoimmunity increases the risk for multiple sclerosis.","volume":"186","author":"Vietzen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"noi240087r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.02.004","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the astrocyte intermediate filament system in diseases of the central nervous system.","volume":"32","author":"Hol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi240087r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.08.047","article-title":"Appropriate use and reporting of uncontrolled case series in the medical literature.","volume":"151","author":"Kempen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"noi240087r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-01952-7","article-title":"Clonotype definitions for immunogenetic studies: proposals from the EuroClonality NGS Working Group.","volume":"37","author":"Sofou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"7","key":"noi240087r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311049121","article-title":"Ultrahigh frequencies of peripherally matured LGI1- and CASPR2-reactive B cells characterize the cerebrospinal fluid in autoimmune encephalitis.","volume":"121","author":"Theorell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"noi240087r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.5.604","article-title":"Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients.","volume":"19","author":"van Swieten","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"noi240087r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.88.16_supplement.P2.201","author":"Wallach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi240087r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2549","article-title":"Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a novel meningoencephalomyelitis.","volume":"73","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi240087r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24881","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoglobulin G as biomarker of autoimmune astrocytopathy: analysis of 102 patients.","volume":"81","author":"Flanagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi240087r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013087","article-title":"Glial Fibrillary acidic protein autoimmunity: a French cohort study.","volume":"98","author":"Gravier-Dumonceau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi240087r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816721","article-title":"Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies in seminoma-associated paraneoplastic encephalitis.","volume":"381","author":"Mandel-Brehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi240087r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2231","article-title":"Expanded clinical phenotype, oncological associations, and immunopathologic insights of paraneoplastic Kelch-like protein-11 encephalitis.","volume":"77","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi240087r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26380","article-title":"ZSCAN1 autoantibodies are associated with pediatric paraneoplastic ROHHAD.","volume":"92","author":"Mandel-Brehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"noi240087r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26050","article-title":"Leucine zipper 4 autoantibody: a novel germ cell tumor and paraneoplastic biomarker.","volume":"89","author":"Dubey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi240087r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab153","article-title":"Distinctive clinical presentation and pathogenic specificities of anti-AK5 encephalitis.","volume":"144","author":"Mu\u00f1iz-Castrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi240087r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25720","article-title":"Drebrin autoantibodies in patients with seizures and suspected encephalitis.","volume":"87","author":"Pitsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi240087r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","article-title":"Antibody-mediated encephalitis.","volume":"378","author":"Dalmau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"noi240087r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302911","article-title":"Relapsing-remitting central nervous system autoimmunity mediated by GFAP-specific CD8 T cells.","volume":"192","author":"Sasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"noi240087r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28293","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28293","article-title":"Extracellular vimentin is a novel axonal growth facilitator for functional recovery in spinal cord-injured mice.","volume":"6","author":"Shigyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi240087r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.009","article-title":"PNMA2 forms immunogenic non-enveloped virus-like capsids associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome.","volume":"187","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi240087r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3656","article-title":"Coexistence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin-4 antibodies in adult and pediatric patients.","volume":"77","author":"Kunchok","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"22","key":"noi240087r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009239","article-title":"Clinical significance of anti-NMDAR concurrent with glial or neuronal surface antibodies.","volume":"94","author":"Martinez-Hernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi240087r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30244-8","article-title":"Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Armangue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi240087r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad419","article-title":"The immunobiology of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and post-viral autoimmunity.","volume":"147","author":"Cleaver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"noi240087r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02938-3","article-title":"An autoantibody signature predictive for multiple sclerosis.","volume":"30","author":"Zamecnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"noi240087r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14336","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus: to be a trigger of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy?","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"noi240087r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578174","article-title":"Overlapping Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis and autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy.","volume":"382","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"noi240087r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330626","article-title":"Early autoimmunity and outcome in virus encephalitis: a retrospective study based on tissue-based assay.","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi240087r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.04.004","article-title":"Vimentin as antigenic target in autoimmunity: a comprehensive review.","volume":"17","author":"Musaelyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"noi240087r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075032","article-title":"Germinal centers.","volume":"30","author":"Victora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi240087r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78083","article-title":"Checkpoints that control B cell development.","volume":"125","author":"Melchers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5589","key":"noi240087r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073924","article-title":"Evolution of autoantibody responses via somatic hypermutation outside of germinal centers.","volume":"297","author":"William","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"noi240087r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.03.001","article-title":"The imperfect control of self-reactive germinal center B cells.","volume":"28","author":"Brink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi240087r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00083-2","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis: utility and pitfalls for antibody-negative disease.","volume":"22","author":"Dalmau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi240087r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4251","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis in adults.","volume":"80","author":"Flanagan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"}],"container-title":["JAMA Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaneurology\/articlepdf\/2828930\/jamaneurology_wan_2025_oi_240087_1740679299.53854.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T15:02:10Z","timestamp":1741618930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaneurology\/fullarticle\/2828930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.4763","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}