{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T05:17:13Z","timestamp":1793769433050,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-noi250025-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent research suggests a plausible biological link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Parkinson disease (PD). Nonetheless, large longitudinal studies examining the risk of PD following ASD are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-noi250025-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the association between ASD and future PD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-noi250025-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nationwide population-based prospective cohort study was performed using data from Swedish national registers. All individuals born in Sweden from 1974 to 1999 with follow-up from age 20 years until December 31, 2022, and with complete covariate data were included. The analysis was completed in August 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-noi250025-7\"><jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnoses of ASD as a time-varying exposure obtained from the National Patient Register.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-noi250025-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnoses of PD were obtained from the National Patient Register through 2022. The relative risk (RR) of PD was quantified using incidence rate ratios with 95% CIs from Poisson regression. Preterm birth, depression, antidepressant use, and antipsychotic exposure over time were potentially modifying life events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-noi250025-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 2\u202f278\u202f565 individuals (median [IQR] age at exit, 34 [29-42] years; 1\u202f106\u202f772 female [48.6%]), contributing 33\u202f858\u202f476 person-years. PD occurred in 438 of 2\u202f226\u202f611 individuals without ASD (0.02%; 1.3 cases\/100\u202f000 person-years) and 24 of 51\u202f954 individuals with ASD (0.05%; 3.9 cases\/100\u202f000 person-years) (RR, 4.43 [95% CI, 2.92-6.72]). The risk estimates were similar after adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, family history of mental illness, family history of PD, and age at ASD diagnosis. Preterm or early-term birth was not associated with and did not modify the PD risk. Depression and antidepressant use (present in 24\u202f257 individuals with ASD [46.7%]) were associated with increased risk of PD (RR, 2.01 [95% CI, 1.40-2.88]), independent of ASD. Antipsychotic exposure (present in 16\u202f387 individuals with ASD [31.5%]) reduced but did not fully attenuate the association (RR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.27-3.14]) and showed no interaction with ASD on PD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-noi250025-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>ASD was associated with increased risk of PD, even after adjusting for depression or antidepressant use and antipsychotic exposure. These findings suggest a potential shared etiology between neurodevelopmental disorders and PD, and a heightened awareness of long-term neurological conditions in individuals with ASD may be warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.1284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1748343620000},"page":"687","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Risk of Parkinson Disease in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Weiyao","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Reichenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"},{"name":"Seaver 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