{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:18:16Z","timestamp":1793661496288,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n The Implantable Neurostimulator for the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease (INTREPID) trial was a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the long-term (5-year) outcomes and safety of STN-DBS for PD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This was a prospective, randomized (3:1), 12-week double-blind sham-controlled study at 23 movement disorder centers across the US with an open-label 5-year follow-up. Patients were implanted and followed up with the Vercise DBS system from May 2013 to December 2022. Eligibility required diagnosis of bilateral idiopathic PD with more than 5 years of motor symptoms, more than 6 hours per day of poor motor function, modified Hoehn and Yahr Scale scores higher than 2, Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) score of 30 or higher (medication-off state), and 33% or higher improvement in UPDRS-III medication-on score.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n Bilateral STN-DBS for moderate to advanced PD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Primary outcomes included changes in UPDRS and dyskinesia scores, quality-of-life measures, and safety assessments. Exploratory analyses included medication reduction and DBS association with motor signs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 313 patients were enrolled with 191 receiving the DBS system, and 137 participants (72%) completed the study. The study population had a mean (SD) age of 60 (7.9) years, with 139 (73%) male participants. Motor function without medication as measured by UPDRS-III improved from a mean (SD) of 42.8 (9.4) to 21.1 (10.6) at year 1 (51%; 95% CI, 49%-53%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and 27.6 (11.6) at year 5 (36%; 95% CI, 33%-38%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Activities of daily living without medication as measured by UPDRS-II improved from a mean (SD) of 20.6 (6.0) to 12.4 (6.1) at year 1 (41%; 95% CI, 38%-42%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and 16.4 (6.5) at year 5 (22%; 95% CI, 18%-23%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Dyskinesia scores decreased from 4.0 (5.1) to 1.0 (2.1) at year 1 (75%; 95% CI, 73%-75%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and to 1.2 (2.1) at year 5 (70%; 95% CI, 63%-75%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). The levodopa equivalent dose was reduced by 28% at year 1, remaining stable at year 5 (28%; 95% CI, 26%-31%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). The most common serious adverse event was infection (9 participants). Ten deaths were reported, none related to the study.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Although STN-DBS outcomes declined slightly, possibly due to the progressive nature of the disease, patients with PD sustained significant improvement in motor and activities of daily living scores, along with a stable reduction in anti-parkinsonian medication over the 5-year follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.3373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T15:00:38Z","timestamp":1757948438000},"page":"1181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Five-Year Outcomes from Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus for Parkinson Disease"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Starr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat S.","family":"Shivacharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuromodulation, Boston Scientific, Valencia, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuromodulation, Boston Scientific, Valencia, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander I.","family":"Tr\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"House","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgical Associates LLC, Murray, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique L.","family":"Giroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement and Neuroperformance Center of Colorado, Englewood"},{"name":"Now with Clinical Lead Movement Disorders, Praxis Precision Medicines Inc, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam O.","family":"Hebb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Kaiser Permanente, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Leichliter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill L.","family":"Ostrem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo Verhagen","family":"Metman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Karl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa S.","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Tatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihtsham ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre G.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurological Restoration Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Gostkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurological Restoration Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tagliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam N.","family":"Mamelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Okun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly D.","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Moguel-Cobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Pahwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathrin M.","family":"Buetefisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corneliu C.","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Jagid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo J.","family":"Revuelta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istvan","family":"Takacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Pourfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, New York University Medical Center, New York City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon Y.","family":"Mogilner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Duker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"Mandybur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurosurgery, Lee Health, Fort Myers, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Rosenow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Zadikoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suketu M.","family":"Khandhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sedrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Redwood City, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenna T.","family":"Phibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Neimat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Durphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Ramirez-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurology, Normal Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie G.","family":"Pilitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York"},{"name":"Now with Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Uitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wharen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Now with Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrold L.","family":"Vitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"INTREPID Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"San Luciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the INTREPID Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Galifianakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the INTREPID Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E","family":"Schrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the INTREPID Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the INTREPID Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sierra M","family":"Farris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the INTREPID Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules M.","family":"Nazzarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the INTREPID Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"noi250063r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30108-3","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation with a multiple independent constant current-controlled device in Parkinson\u2019s disease (INTREPID): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled study.","volume":"19","author":"Vitek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi250063r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.929","article-title":"Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"301","author":"Weaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi250063r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060281","article-title":"A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"355","author":"Deuschl","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi250063r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70308-8","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation with a constant-current device in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label randomised controlled trial.","volume":"11","author":"Okun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi250063r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199907)14:4<572::AID-MDS1005>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease (CAPSIT-PD).","volume":"14","author":"Defer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi250063r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000159714.28232.C4","article-title":"Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review of the clinical literature.","volume":"56","author":"Hamani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"noi250063r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000215250.82576.87","article-title":"Practice parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.","volume":"66","author":"Pahwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"S14","key":"noi250063r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S290","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20962","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes.","volume":"21","author":"Kleiner-Fisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"22","key":"noi250063r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907083","article-title":"Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"362","author":"Follett","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi250063r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70264-8","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"12","author":"Odekerken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"noi250063r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205158","article-title":"Neurostimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease with early motor complications.","volume":"368","author":"Schuepbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi250063r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70093-4","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial.","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi250063r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12553","article-title":"Progression of MDS-UPDRS scores over five years in de novo Parkinson disease from the Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative cohort.","volume":"5","author":"Holden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"noi250063r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.182","article-title":"Ten-year outcome of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a blinded evaluation.","volume":"68","author":"Castrioto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"20","key":"noi250063r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035275","article-title":"Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"349","author":"Krack","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi250063r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0076-2","article-title":"Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: five year follow-up.","volume":"256","author":"Gervais-Bernard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi250063r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq221","article-title":"Motor and cognitive outcome in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease 8 years after subthalamic implants.","volume":"133","author":"Fasano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi250063r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.01.012","article-title":"Long-term outcome of subthalamic nucleus DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease: from the advanced phase towards the late stage of the disease?","volume":"20","author":"Rizzone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"noi250063r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.08.008","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation may reduce the relative risk of clinically important worsening in early stage Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Hacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"noi250063r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.785529","article-title":"Reduced programming time and strong symptom control even in chronic course through imaging-based DBS programming.","volume":"12","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi250063r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00639-9","article-title":"Image-guided programming deep brain stimulation improves clinical outcomes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"10","author":"Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"noi250063r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26376","article-title":"Beta oscillations in freely moving Parkinson\u2019s subjects are attenuated during deep brain stimulation.","volume":"30","author":"Quinn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi250063r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03196-z","article-title":"Chronic adaptive deep brain stimulation versus conventional stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a blinded randomized feasibility trial.","volume":"30","author":"Oehrn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["JAMA Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaneurology\/articlepdf\/2838886\/jamaneurology_starr_2025_oi_250063_1762755362.67342.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T16:00:29Z","timestamp":1762790429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaneurology\/fullarticle\/2838886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.3373","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}