{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:21:06Z","timestamp":1791249666989,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-noi260011-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the deposition of amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) and hyperphosphorylated tau. Human transmission of A\u03b2 pathology in a prion-like fashion has resulted in iatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. More recently, iatrogenic Alzheimer disease (iAD) was described in recipients of cadaveric pituitary\u2013derived human growth hormone (c-hGH) contaminated with A\u03b2 amyloid seeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-noi260011-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical and postmortem findings in iAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-noi260011-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case series describes 4 c-hGH recipients who were referred to the UK National Prion Clinic. Between February 2024 and February 2025, 14 c-hGH recipients had been referred to this service, with clinical assessments ongoing. The current study included 4 of 14 people treated with c-hGH who were referred since the original report. These data were analyzed during February and March 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-noi260011-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>c-hGH contaminated with A\u03b2 amyloid seeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-noi260011-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical and histopathological description.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-noi260011-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study describes 4 males who developed dementia following confirmed or suspected c-hGH treatment in childhood (age at symptom onset between 47 and 60 years) with cognitive syndromes characterized by prominent language involvement. Results include clinical and postmortem findings for 1 patient (onset at age 47 years) in whom postmortem examination (at age 57 years) showed unequivocal neuropathological features of AD, including severe tauopathy. Brief descriptions of 3 additional patients with prominent language involvement are also provided.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-noi260011-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate that patients with iAD can have histopathological findings classically found in sporadic AD and that prominent language involvement might be an important phenotypic feature in this AD subtype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:30:29Z","timestamp":1774884629000},"page":"435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High-Level Alzheimer Disease Neuropathological Change Following Iatrogenic Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Gargi","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Prion Unit at UCL and UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tze How","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Prion Unit at UCL and UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harpreet","family":"Hyare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Cousins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zane","family":"Jaunmuktane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Prion Unit at UCL and UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Collinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Prion Unit at UCL and UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"7628","key":"noi260011r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20415","article-title":"Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"539","author":"Collinge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6715","key":"noi260011r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq5252","article-title":"The prion principle and Alzheimer\u2019s 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