{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:40:30Z","timestamp":1792424430219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Neurol"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Late-onset epilepsy (LOE; onset at age \u226565 years) is increasingly recognized in older adults and may be associated with vascular risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To identify vascular risk factors (VRFs) associated with incident LOE in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This study is an individual participant data meta-analysis of 6 US population-based prospective cohort studies (the Epilepsy-Cog Study). In 5 cohorts linked to Medicare for epilepsy case ascertainment, follow-up for LOE began when a participant had accrued 2 years of continuous fee-for-service enrollment and was 65 years of age or older and extended to the end of continuous enrollment. Claims linkage covered 1991-2018 in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC), 1992-2019 in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 2000-2019 in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 2000-2020 in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS), and 1999-2019 in the Washington Heights\/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP). In the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), which was not Medicare linked and used cohort-based epilepsy case ascertainment, follow-up for LOE began at cohort entry in 1993-2008 and extended to 2024. Data analysis was completed in January 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Sociodemographic characteristics and VRFs assessed by self-report, examinations, laboratory measures, and medication use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was incident LOE. Associations between risk factors and incident LOE were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n From 43\u202f753 participants in Epilepsy-Cog, 551 participants with prevalent epilepsy and 945 with no follow-up after Epilepsy-Cog baseline were excluded. Among 42\u202f257 participants (mean [SD] age, 71.4 [6.9] years; 23\u202f383 [56.0%] female) followed up for a mean (SD) of 9.3 (6.2) years, 1500 participants (3.5%) developed LOE (3.8 per 1000 person-years). In fully adjusted models, LOE risk was higher with current smoking (HR\u2009=\u20091.39; 95% CI, 1.18-1.64), hypertension (HR\u2009=\u20091.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.31), diabetes (HR\u2009=\u20091.42; 95% CI, 1.25-1.62), chronic kidney disease (HR\u2009=\u20091.29; 95% CI, 1.13-1.48), history of stroke (HR\u2009=\u20091.99; 95% CI, 1.63-2.43), and apolipoprotein E \u03b54 allele (1 \u03b54 allele: HR\u2009=\u20091.22; 95% CI, 1.07-1.39; 2 \u03b54 alleles: HR\u2009=\u20091.84; 95% CI, 1.36-2.50). Associations of VRFs with LOE were similar across age, sex, and race and ethnicity subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this pooled analysis of 6 US cohorts, multiple VRFs and a history of stroke were associated with incident LOE. These findings suggest that LOE may reflect the underlying burden of brain vascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.3708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:00:33Z","timestamp":1792422033000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vascular Risk Factors and Late-Onset Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1001","author":[{"given":"Hyunmi","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Shiun","family":"Leu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Misiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"Atria Institute for Health and Research, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Brice\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Brickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisandro D.","family":"Colantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefany P.","family":"Diaz Andino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell S. V.","family":"Elkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"},{"name":"American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette L.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gonzalez Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca F.","family":"Gottesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alden L.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Craig","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"W. T.","family":"Longstreth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Pelagalli Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Mayeux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwadamilola","family":"Obalana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolly","family":"Reyes-Dumeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Rundek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danurys","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Strobino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Tom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn W.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan L.","family":"Thacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"noi260069r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.030","article-title":"Close to 1 million US adults aged 55 years or older have active epilepsy-National Health Interview Survey, 2010, 2013, and 2015.","volume":"87","author":"Sapkota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi260069r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13266","article-title":"Towards a clinically informed, data-driven definition of elderly onset epilepsy.","volume":"57","author":"Josephson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi260069r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1935","article-title":"Association between midlife risk factors and late-onset epilepsy: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.","volume":"75","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi260069r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003662","article-title":"Predictors of incident epilepsy in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study.","volume":"88","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17108","article-title":"Vascular risk factors as predictors of epilepsy in older age: The Framingham Heart Study.","volume":"63","author":"Stefanidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"noi260069r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70361","article-title":"The Epilepsy-Cog study: methods to establish a harmonized study of late onset epilepsy in a metacohort of six population-based cohorts in the United States.","author":"Choi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi260069r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115184","article-title":"The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study: design and objectives. the ARIC investigators.","volume":"129","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi260069r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(91)90005-W","article-title":"The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.","volume":"1","author":"Fried","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi260069r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf113","article-title":"Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design.","volume":"156","author":"Bild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi260069r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009445","article-title":"Stroke incidence among White, Black, and Hispanic residents of an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study.","volume":"147","author":"Sacco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi260069r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000086678","article-title":"The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study: objectives and design.","volume":"25","author":"Howard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi260069r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.11.1739","article-title":"Implementing diagnostic criteria and estimating frequency of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community.","volume":"62","author":"Manly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"noi260069r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03121.x","article-title":"Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy.","volume":"52","author":"Thurman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"noi260069r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02140.x","article-title":"Prevalence of epilepsy and seizures in the Navajo Nation 1998-2002.","volume":"50","author":"Parko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02201.x","article-title":"How accurate is ICD coding for epilepsy?","volume":"51","author":"Jett\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi260069r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.05.009","article-title":"Development and validation of a case definition for epilepsy for use with administrative health data.","volume":"102","author":"Reid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/dis.2005.8.1","article-title":"Developing a computer algorithm to identify epilepsy cases in managed care organizations.","volume":"8","author":"Holden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Manag"},{"issue":"22 pt 2","key":"noi260069r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000313157.15089.e6","article-title":"Trends in antiepileptic drug prescribing for older patients with new-onset epilepsy: 2000-2004.","volume":"70","author":"Pugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"noi260069r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.10.008","article-title":"Validating epilepsy diagnoses in routinely collected data.","volume":"52","author":"Fonferko-Shadrach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00410-y","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America.","volume":"8","author":"Willis","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3258","article-title":"Trends in stroke incidence rates in older US adults: an update from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort study.","volume":"77","author":"Koton","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"noi260069r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.11.003","article-title":"Late-onset seizures and risk of subsequent stroke: a systematic review.","volume":"31","author":"Brigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi260069r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12987","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factor assessment in late-onset seizures: a study protocol to assess the value of structured intervention.","volume":"9","author":"Larsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"24","key":"noi260069r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001191","article-title":"Novel prediction equations for absolute risk assessment of total cardiovascular disease incorporating cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"148","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi260069r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01219.x","article-title":"Vascular determinants of epilepsy: the Rotterdam Study.","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi260069r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02757.x","article-title":"Prior hospitalization for stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and subsequent risk of unprovoked seizures.","volume":"52","author":"Adel\u00f6w","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"noi260069r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/130406","article-title":"Occult cerebrovascular disease and late-onset epilepsy: could loss of neurovascular unit integrity be a viable model?","volume":"2011","author":"Gibson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"noi260069r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00334","article-title":"Neurovascular unit dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"noi260069r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1474231","article-title":"A novel animal model of spontaneous epilepsy: Cdk5 knockout in pericyte-specific mice.","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"noi260069r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182477edc","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of epilepsy among older U.S. Medicare beneficiaries.","volume":"78","author":"Faught","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi260069r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318419","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults.","volume":"20","author":"Dupre","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"noi260069r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18156","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the association of incident stroke with late onset epilepsy: The Northern Manhattan Study.","volume":"65","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi260069r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000052631.98405.15","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study.","volume":"34","author":"Vermeer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"noi260069r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000032241.58727.49","article-title":"Incidence, manifestations, and predictors of brain infarcts defined by serial cranial magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study.","volume":"33","author":"Longstreth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000048892.83521.58","article-title":"Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: part I: aging arteries: a \u201cset up\u201d for vascular disease.","volume":"107","author":"Lakatta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"noi260069r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.02.070","article-title":"Vascular fibrosis in aging and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications.","volume":"32","author":"Harvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"noi260069r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1278795","article-title":"Age and vascular aging: an unexplored frontier.","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"noi260069r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/hc1002.105135","article-title":"Determinants of accelerated progression of arterial stiffness in normotensive subjects and in treated hypertensive subjects over a 6-year period.","volume":"105","author":"Benetos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi260069r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1773","article-title":"Nondiabetic glucometabolic status and progression of aortic stiffness: the Whitehall II Study.","volume":"40","author":"McEniery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi260069r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev332","article-title":"Ten-year longitudinal change in aortic stiffness assessed by cardiac MRI in the second half of the human lifespan: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.","volume":"17","author":"Ohyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"noi260069r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.119024","article-title":"Increased aortic pulse wave velocity is associated with silent cerebral small-vessel disease in hypertensive patients.","volume":"52","author":"Henskens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"noi260069r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.011","article-title":"Association between arterial stiffness, cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"53","author":"van Sloten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"noi260069r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c3666","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3666","article-title":"The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"341","author":"Debette","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.1.21","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures caused by electrolyte disturbances.","volume":"12","author":"Nardone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"13","key":"noi260069r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization.","volume":"351","author":"Go","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"noi260069r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.536","article-title":"Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. a collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts.","volume":"79","author":"van der Velde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi260069r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiological insights and therapeutic options.","volume":"143","author":"Jankowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"noi260069r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00908.2024","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: a clinical perspective.","volume":"329","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"noi260069r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.020301","article-title":"Association of mildly reduced kidney function with cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study.","volume":"10","author":"Ataklte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"noi260069r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.04.006","article-title":"Microvascular dysfunction as a systemic disease: a review of the evidence.","volume":"135","author":"Feuer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"noi260069r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001814","article-title":"Statin treatment reduces the risk of poststroke seizures.","volume":"85","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"17","key":"noi260069r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f96253","article-title":"Statin use and risk of epilepsy: a nested case-control study.","volume":"75","author":"Etminan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"noi260069r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285616654423","article-title":"Poststroke epilepsy: update and future directions.","volume":"9","author":"Zelano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"noi260069r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.07.010","article-title":"Efficacy of statin therapy in post-stroke seizure prophylaxis: clues from an observational study of routine secondary prevention treatment.","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi260069r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214292","article-title":"Associations of late-onset epilepsy with myocardial infarction and nonstroke vascular death.","volume":"105","author":"Thacker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi260069r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy.","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"noi260069r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109723","article-title":"Bidirectional relationship between late-onset epilepsy (LOE) and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.","volume":"153","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi260069r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-121897","article-title":"Interaction of age and APOE genotype on cerebral blood flow at rest.","volume":"34","author":"Wierenga","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"noi260069r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17536","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.225532","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E regulates the integrity of tight junctions in an isoform-dependent manner in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model.","volume":"286","author":"Nishitsuji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"noi260069r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E322","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00408.2004","article-title":"apoE4 allele and the natural history of cardiovascular risk factors.","volume":"289","author":"Scuteri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"noi260069r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001379","article-title":"Effects of vascular risk factors and APOE e4 on white matter integrity and cognitive decline.","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi260069r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317513517045","article-title":"Interactive effects of apolipoprotein E4 and diabetes risk on later myelinating white matter regions in neurologically healthy older aged adults.","volume":"29","author":"Foley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"issue":"3","key":"noi260069r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000442","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E4 moderates the association between vascular risk factors and brain pathology.","volume":"35","author":"Kaufman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"noi260069r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00992.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of epilepsy in Europe - a systematic review.","volume":"12","author":"Forsgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"noi260069r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"noi260069r3","unstructured":"2023 National population projections tables: main series. US Census Bureau. Accessed February 18, 2026. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2023\/demo\/popproj\/2023-summary-tables.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaneurology\/articlepdf\/2855276\/jamaneurology_choi_2026_oi_260069_1791314678.63869.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:00:35Z","timestamp":1792422035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaneurology\/fullarticle\/2855276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.3708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]}}}