{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:50:10Z","timestamp":1793911810217,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-cbr250002-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 29.9 million cancer cases and 15.3 million deaths are anticipated by 2040 globally, necessitating cancer system strengthening. A greater understanding of health system factors that can be leveraged to improve cancer control may guide health system planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-cbr250002-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate predictors of improved cancer outcomes globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-cbr250002-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pan-cancer ecological study used the most recent available national health system metrics and cancer statistics, spanning the breadth of global income levels across 185 countries. Estimates of age-standardized mortality to incidence ratios were derived from GLOBOCAN 2022 for patients with cancer of all ages. The analysis took place on November 27, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-cbr250002-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Health spending as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP), physicians per 1000 population, nurses and midwives per 1000 population, surgical workforce per 1000 population, GDP per capita, Universal Health Coverage (UHC) service coverage index, availability of pathology services, human development index, gender inequality index (GII), radiotherapy centers per 1000 population, and out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure were collected. The association between the mortality to incidence ratio (MIR)  and each metric was evaluated using univariable linear regressions (\u03b1\u2009=\u2009.0045), which were used to construct multivariable models (\u03b1\u2009=\u2009.05). Variation inflation factor allowed exclusion of variables with significant multicollinearity.\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        R\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      measured goodness of fit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-cbr250002-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On univariable analysis, all metrics were significantly associated with MIR of cancer (\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;amp;lt;\n                      <jats:italic>\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      .001 for all), including UHC index (\u03b2, \u22120.0076 [95% CI, \u22120.0083 to \u22120.0068]), GDP per capita (\u03b2, \u22125.10\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>-6<\/jats:sup>\n                      [95% CI, \u22125.75\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>-6<\/jats:sup>\n                      to \u22124.46\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>-6<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]), clinical and workforce capacity, radiotherapy capacity (\u03b2, \u221288.25 [95% CI, \u2212100.43 to \u221276.06]), and gender inequality index (\u03b2, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.57-0.70]). After including metrics significant on univariable analysis and correcting for multicollinearity, on multivariable analysis, greater UHC index and GDP per capita were independently associated with lower (improved) MIR for cancer. The multivariable model had\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        R\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      of 0.87. On multivariable analysis stratified by sex, greater UHC index and greater GDP per capita were independently associated with improved MIR for all cancers.\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        R\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      for the multivariable models was 0.87 for females and 0.85 for males.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-cbr250002-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that global health system metrics related to progress toward universal health care, greater health care spending and GDP per capita, strengthened clinical workforce and capacity, and increased gender equity were associated with improved pan-cancer outcomes at a population level on univariable analysis. The degree of UHC and GDP per capita were independently associated with improved cancer outcomes in multivariable models with good explanatory power. These exploratory findings merit further validation and may guide health system planning and prioritization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.0473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T11:00:37Z","timestamp":1744282837000},"page":"650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["National Cancer System Characteristics and Global Pan-Cancer Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Edward Christopher","family":"Dee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin Jay 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Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances Dominique V.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines"},{"name":"Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhav","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urvish","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Ynoe","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Global Oncology Program, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puneeth","family":"Iyengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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