{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:09:14Z","timestamp":1790266154192,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Oncol"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Cancer risk is higher in males than females globally. Whether this sex disparity reflects a biological inevitability or is potentially modifiable by lifestyle behaviors and health conditions across diverse populations remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To determine the contribution of lifestyle factors and health conditions to sex disparities in cancer incidence across populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study conducted an individual-level analysis of 3 population-based prospective cohorts in China (Shanghai Men\u2019s Health Study and Shanghai Women\u2019s Health Study) and the UK (UK Biobank) of adults aged 40 to 74 years at baseline with no prior cancer. Baseline data were collected from 1997 to 2010, with follow-up through 2021. Data were analyzed from September 2025 to June 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Eleven risk factors covering behaviors (smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, physical inactivity), diet (low intakes of vegetable and fruit, high intakes of red meat and processed meat), and health conditions (cholelithiasis, chronic liver diseases, diabetes, obesity).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Incidence of 34 non\u2212sex-specific cancer end points. Attributable rate differences (ARDs, cases per 100\u202f000 person-years) and attributable proportion (AP, %) quantified the number and percentage of the male-female incidence rate gap attributable to the exposures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Among a total of 589\u202f766 participants (mean [SD] age, 56.1 [8.5] years; 315\u202f813 [53.5%] females), 70\u202f300 non\u2212sex-specific cancer cases were documented. In the Chinese population (134 742 participants [54.4% female]), the joint ARD across the 11 risk factors was 182.52 (95% CI, 162.46-202.26) cases per 100\u202f000 person-years, accounting for 84.44% of the male-female incidence rate difference. Smoking (ARD, 111.87 [95% CI, 95.38-128.00]; AP, 51.75%) and heavy alcohol drinking (ARD, 32.64 [95% CI, 24.61-40.43]; AP, 15.10%) were leading contributors. In the UK population (455 024 participants [53.3% female]), the joint ARD was 52.31 (95% CI, 35.63-70.22) cases per 100\u202f000 person-years, accounting for 26.21% of the sex disparity. Obesity (ARD, 15.34 [95% CI, 6.06-24.08]; AP, 7.68%) and smoking (ARD, 12.49 [95% CI, 1.82-24.39]; AP, 6.26%) were leading individual contributors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n The findings of this cohort study suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors and health conditions accounted for most of the male-female cancer incidence gap in the Chinese population but only a small fraction in the UK population. Reducing cancer sex disparities may require prevention strategies tailored to population contexts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2026.3747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:30:45Z","timestamp":1790263845000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disparities in Cancer Incidence by Sex and Associated Lifestyle Factors and Health Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1001","author":[{"given":"Zhuo-Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiu-Ming","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Ni","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Bing","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"coi260054r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"coi260054r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030378","article-title":"A pan-cancer analysis of age and sex differences in cancer incidence and survival in the United States, 2001-2020.","volume":"17","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"coi260054r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.116063","article-title":"Disparities in cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis between male and female patients in the Netherlands.","volume":"230","author":"Hoveling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"coi260054r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16050989","article-title":"Sex differences in cancer incidence rates by race and ethnicity: Results from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) registry (2000-2019).","volume":"16","author":"Tosakoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"coi260054r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26744","article-title":"Sex differences in lymphoma incidence and mortality by subtype: a population-based study.","volume":"98","author":"Radkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"11","key":"coi260054r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34213","article-title":"Sex differences in cancer incidence and mortality among patients managed at King Hussein Cancer Center.","volume":"151","author":"Al-Ani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"15","key":"coi260054r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155311","article-title":"Cohort analysis of epithelial cancer mortality male-to-female sex ratios in the European Union, USA, and Japan.","volume":"17","author":"Carioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"coi260054r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0036","article-title":"Sex differences in cancer incidence and survival: a pan-cancer analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"coi260054r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.07.013","article-title":"Sex differences in cancer risk and survival: a Swedish cohort study.","volume":"84","author":"Radkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"coi260054r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9647-5","article-title":"Enigmatic sex disparities in cancer incidence.","volume":"27","author":"Edgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"coi260054r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-1118","article-title":"Sex disparities in cancer incidence by period and age.","volume":"18","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"coi260054r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5902-z","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the incidence of human cancers.","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"coi260054r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-03028-y","article-title":"Sex differences in cancer incidence: prospective analyses in the UK Biobank.","volume":"133","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"10250","key":"coi260054r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31561-0","article-title":"Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine.","volume":"396","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"coi260054r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00829-4","article-title":"Gender and sex interactions are intrinsic components of cancer phenotypes.","volume":"25","author":"Rubin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"coi260054r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04219-7","article-title":"Global and regional cancer burden attributable to modifiable risk factors to inform prevention.","author":"Fink","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"coi260054r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34390","article-title":"Sex disparities in the incidence of 21 cancer types: quantification of the contribution of risk factors.","volume":"128","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10258","key":"coi260054r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"coi260054r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105955","article-title":"Clustering of lifestyle risk factors for non-communicable diseases in 304,779 adolescents from 89 countries: a global perspective.","volume":"131","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"10292","key":"coi260054r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"397","author":"Reitsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10347","key":"coi260054r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00847-9","article-title":"Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020.","volume":"400","author":"Bryazka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10431","key":"coi260054r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","article-title":"Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults.","volume":"403","author":"Phelps","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10467","key":"coi260054r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants.","volume":"404","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"coi260054r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e257","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30488-1","article-title":"Disparities by province, age, and sex in site-specific cancer burden attributable to 23 potentially modifiable risk factors in China: a comparative risk assessment.","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"coi260054r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0029-6","article-title":"The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015.","volume":"118","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"coi260054r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi322","article-title":"The Shanghai Women\u2019s Health Study: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics.","volume":"162","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"coi260054r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv013","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Shanghai Men\u2019s Health Study.","volume":"44","author":"Shu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"coi260054r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601738","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of the food frequency questionnaire used in the Shanghai Women\u2019s Health Study.","volume":"58","author":"Shu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"coi260054r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507669189","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of the food-frequency questionnaire used in the Shanghai Men\u2019s Health Study.","volume":"97","author":"Villegas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"coi260054r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk119","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of the Shanghai Men\u2019s Health Study physical activity questionnaire.","volume":"165","author":"Jurj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"coi260054r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg255","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of the Shanghai Women\u2019s Health Study physical activity questionnaire.","volume":"158","author":"Matthews","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"coi260054r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym003","article-title":"Validation of cause-of-death statistics in urban China.","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"coi260054r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age.","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"coi260054r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2017.66","article-title":"Dietary assessment in UK Biobank: an evaluation of the performance of the touchscreen dietary questionnaire.","volume":"7","author":"Bradbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"coi260054r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-02053-5","article-title":"UK Biobank: a globally important resource for cancer research.","volume":"128","author":"Conroy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"24","key":"coi260054r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr483","article-title":"Preventable exposures associated with human cancers.","volume":"103","author":"Cogliano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"7","key":"coi260054r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970415)16:7<791::AID-SIM500>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Confidence intervals for directly standardized rates: a method based on the gamma distribution.","volume":"16","author":"Fay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"coi260054r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206070621","article-title":"Efficient interval estimation for age-adjusted cancer rates.","volume":"15","author":"Tiwari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"coi260054r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280214564003","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation of attributable fractions in survival analysis.","volume":"26","author":"Sj\u00f6lander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"coi260054r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asq023","article-title":"Attributable fraction functions for censored event times.","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"272","key":"coi260054r46","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Components of a difference between two rates.","volume":"50","author":"Kitagawa","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"10440","key":"coi260054r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"coi260054r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2003327","article-title":"Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol-related pathology.","volume":"63","author":"Crabb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"coi260054r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.95225112.x","article-title":"Gender differences in alcohol consumption and adverse drinking consequences: cross-cultural patterns.","volume":"95","author":"Wilsnack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10","key":"coi260054r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13452","article-title":"Gender differences in the impact of population-level alcohol policy interventions: evidence synthesis of systematic reviews.","volume":"111","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"coi260054r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3967","article-title":"Adiposity and cancer risk: new mechanistic insights from epidemiology.","volume":"15","author":"Renehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"coi260054r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.12.012","article-title":"Ethnic differences in body composition and the associated metabolic profile: a comparative study between Asians and Caucasians.","volume":"65","author":"Wulan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"11","key":"coi260054r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0038-1","article-title":"Adiposity and gastrointestinal cancers: epidemiology, mechanisms and future directions.","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"coi260054r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad100","article-title":"Proportion of liver cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in China.","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"coi260054r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00381-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention.","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"coi260054r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.001","article-title":"The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention.","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9837","key":"coi260054r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61179-9","article-title":"The UK Biobank and selection bias.","volume":"380","author":"Swanson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"coi260054r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85849-9","volume-title":"Cancer Incidence in Five Continents: A Technical Report","author":"Doll","year":"1966"},{"key":"coi260054r43","author":"Jensen","year":"1991"},{"key":"coi260054r36","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Tobacco smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, volume 38. 1986. Accessed July 14, 2026. https:\/\/publications.iarc.who.int\/56"},{"key":"coi260054r37","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Alcohol drinking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 44. 1988. Accessed July 14, 2026. https:\/\/publications.iarc.who.int\/62"},{"key":"coi260054r39","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective. Continuous update project expert report 2018. Accessed September 2, 2026. dietandcancerreport.org"}],"container-title":["JAMA Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaoncology\/articlepdf\/2854532\/jamaoncology_li_2026_oi_260054_1789768712.82457.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:30:49Z","timestamp":1790263849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaoncology\/fullarticle\/2854532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2026.3747","relation":{},"ISSN":["2374-2437"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2374-2437","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}