{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:07:33Z","timestamp":1783721253990,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.1431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T16:25:54Z","timestamp":1637252754000},"page":"13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["National Trends in Gender Diversity Among Trainees and Practicing Physicians in Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Elysia","family":"Grose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Campisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Witterick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, St Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ooi210028r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs","article-title":"Surgical culture in transition: gender matters and generation counts.","volume":"56","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"issue":"35","key":"ooi210028r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1011","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200375","article-title":"Closing the gender pay gap in Canadian medicine.","volume":"192","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ooi210028r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25923","DOI":"10.3402\/meo.v20.25923","article-title":"Perceptions of gender-based discrimination during surgical training and practice.","volume":"20","author":"Bruce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi210028r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.2015.203.issue-4","article-title":"Sexual equality, discrimination and harassment in medicine: it\u2019s time to act.","volume":"203","author":"Walton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ooi210028r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.5380.ca6b","article-title":"Gender differences in the learning and teaching of surgery: a literature review.","volume":"5","author":"Burgos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"issue":"13","key":"ooi210028r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520370064038","article-title":"Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine: glass ceiling or sticky floor?","volume":"273","author":"Tesch","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"ooi210028r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005845","article-title":"The difficulty of professional continuation among female doctors in Japan: a qualitative study of alumnae of 13 medical schools in Japan.","volume":"5","author":"Nomura","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi210028r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-017-0232-0","article-title":"Evolution of gender representation among Canadian OTL-HNS residents: a 27-year analysis.","volume":"46","author":"Chorfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"ooi210028r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.0312","article-title":"The current status of women in surgery: how to affect the future.","volume":"155","author":"Stephens","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi210028r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.v131.2","article-title":"Recent trends in female and racial\/ethnic minority groups in US otolaryngology residency programs.","volume":"131","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"7","key":"ooi210028r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.v130.7","article-title":"Female representation in otolaryngology leadership roles.","volume":"130","author":"Epperson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"9","key":"ooi210028r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.v129.9","article-title":"Trends in female leadership at high-profile otolaryngology journals, 1997-2017.","volume":"129","author":"Litvack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi210028r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00419-4","article-title":"Academic benchmarks for leaders in otolaryngology\u2013head & neck surgery: a Canadian perspective.","volume":"49","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"ooi210028r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18127","article-title":"Proportion of female speakers at academic medical conferences across multiple specialties and regions.","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ooi210028r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4366","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4366","article-title":"Comparison of postoperative outcomes among patients treated by male and female surgeons: a population based matched cohort study.","volume":"359","author":"Wallis","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi210028r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2018.12.009","article-title":"Evolution of workforce diversity in surgery.","volume":"76","author":"Siotos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"ooi210028r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2016.08.008","article-title":"Diversity, inclusion, and representation: it is time to act.","volume":"13","author":"Lightfoote","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ooi210028r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-11-200312020-00009","article-title":"Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race.","volume":"139","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ooi210028r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4653","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4653","article-title":"#ILookLikeASurgeon: embracing diversity to improve patient outcomes.","volume":"359","author":"Logghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi210028r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003120","article-title":"Leadership in American surgery: women are rising to the top.","volume":"269","author":"Michelassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi210028r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2019.10.001","article-title":"Women continue to be underrepresented in surgery: a study of AMA and ACGME data from 2000 to 2016.","volume":"77","author":"Klifto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"ooi210028r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moo.0000193203.62967.82","article-title":"Women in otolaryngology: closing the gender gap.","volume":"14","author":"Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"ooi210028r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.v130.5","article-title":"Workforce analysis of practicing rhinologists in the United States.","volume":"130","author":"Heineman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"5","key":"ooi210028r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.v42.5","article-title":"Trends in head and neck fellowship graduates in the United States from 1997 to 2017.","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ooi210028r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599821994477","article-title":"Assessing trends in fellowship training among otolaryngology residents: a national survey study.","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ooi210028r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816639038","article-title":"The pursuit of otolaryngology subspecialty fellowships.","volume":"154","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ooi210028r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002103420606","article-title":"Women physicians in academic medicine: new insights from cohort studies.","volume":"342","author":"Nonnemaker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ooi210028r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001020","article-title":"Understanding the leaky pipeline: perceived barriers to pursuing a career in medicine or dentistry among underrepresented-in-medicine undergraduate students.","volume":"91","author":"Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ooi210028r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31816bda16","article-title":"The leaky pipeline: factors associated with early decline in interest in premedical studies among underrepresented minority undergraduate students.","volume":"83","author":"Barr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ooi210028r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489415573073","article-title":"Academic benchmarks for otolaryngology leaders.","volume":"124","author":"Eloy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ooi210028r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.v122.11","article-title":"Women otolaryngologist representation in specialty society membership and leadership positions.","volume":"122","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi210028r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3182111120","article-title":"Is there still a glass ceiling for women in academic surgery?","volume":"253","author":"Zhuge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi210028r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819841608","article-title":"Barriers pushed aside: insights on career and family success from women leaders in academic otolaryngology.","volume":"161","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi210028r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E34","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20190090","article-title":"Gender and academic promotion of Canadian general surgeons: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"8","author":"Gawad","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi210028r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E380","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.v131.2","article-title":"Women in otolaryngology: experiences of being female in the specialty.","volume":"131","author":"Lawlor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"18","key":"ooi210028r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1903759","article-title":"Discrimination, abuse, harassment, and burnout in surgical residency training.","volume":"381","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ooi210028r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-9-199311010-00008","article-title":"Comparing the status of women and men in academic medicine.","volume":"119","author":"Carr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ooi210028r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238635","article-title":"Challenges and coping strategies faced by female scientists: a multicentric cross sectional study.","volume":"15","author":"Fathima","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ooi210028r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20141734","article-title":"Gender differences in accepting and receiving requests for tasks with low promotability.","volume":"107","author":"Babcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"ooi210028r1","unstructured":"Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada. Canadian Medical Education Statistics. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.afmc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/CMES\/CMES2019-Complete_EN.pdf"},{"key":"ooi210028r2","unstructured":"Canadian Medical Association. Number of active physicians by age, gender and province\/territory, Canada, 2019. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.cma.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-11\/2019-04-age-sex-prv.pdf"},{"key":"ooi210028r3","unstructured":"Canadian Medical Association. Number and percent distribution of physicians by specialty and sex, Canada 2000. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.cma.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-03\/2000-06-spec-sex.pdf"},{"key":"ooi210028r4","unstructured":"Canadian Medical Association, Federation of Medical Women of Canada. Addressing gender equity and diversity in Canada\u2019s medical profession: a review. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.cma.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/Ethics\/report-2018-equity-diversity-medicine-e.pdf"},{"key":"ooi210028r12","unstructured":"Canadian Medical Association. Number and percent distribution of physicians by specialty and gender, Canada 2019. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.cma.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-11\/2019-06-spec-sex_0.pdf"},{"key":"ooi210028r19","unstructured":"Canadian Resident Matching Service. R-1 data & reports: R1 match reports. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.carms.ca\/data-reports\/r1-data-reports\/"},{"key":"ooi210028r20","unstructured":"CAPER RCEP: Canadian Post-MD Education Registry. Census data tables: field of post-MD training and gender excluding visa trainees (gender). Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/caper.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/census-tables\/2019.i-3.pdf"},{"key":"ooi210028r21","unstructured":"Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada. Canadian Medical Education Statistics. 2000-2020. Accessed November 24, 2020. http:\/\/www.afmc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/CMES\/CMES2019-Complete_EN.pdf"},{"key":"ooi210028r22","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Supply, distribution and migration of physicians in Canada, 2019: data tables. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/secure.cihi.ca\/estore\/productSeries.htm?pc=PCC34"},{"key":"ooi210028r24","unstructured":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research. What is gender? what is sex? Updated April 28, 2020. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/cihr-irsc.gc.ca\/e\/48642.html"},{"key":"ooi210028r32","unstructured":"Association of American Medical Colleges. 2015-2016 The state of women in academic medicine statistics. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/data-reports\/faculty-institutions\/data\/2015-2016-state-women-academic-medicine-statistics"}],"container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngology\u2013Head &amp; Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaotolaryngology\/articlepdf\/2786432\/jamaotolaryngology_grose_2021_oi_210028_1641508014.345.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T16:04:40Z","timestamp":1642089880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaotolaryngology\/fullarticle\/2786432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.1431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6181","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}}}