{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:16:05Z","timestamp":1793643365699,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi210085-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early identification of childhood hearing loss through newborn hearing screening mitigates permanent speech, language, and developmental delays, but many children are lost to follow-up or develop postnatal hearing loss. Early childhood hearing screening programs may help identify these children, but evidence on their outcomes is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi210085-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess outcomes from a low-income, preschool-based hearing screening program and risk factors for hearing loss in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi210085-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective cohort study of 6820 children aged 2 to 6 years from urban, low-income public preschools who received hearing screening from July 1, 2015, to June 30, 2019, was performed using San Francisco Department of Public Health records. A multivariate logistic regression analyzed risk factors for hearing loss. Data analysis was conducted from January 14, 2020, to April 20, 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi210085-7\"><jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Annual single-visit, 2-tiered screening was implemented with conditioned play pure-tone audiometry (CPA) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (OAEs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi210085-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rates of successful screening, referred screening, loss to follow-up, and hearing loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi210085-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 6820 children (age, 2-6 years) screened, 3425 (50.2%) were boys, 15% were White\/non-Hispanic, and 48% had English as the primary home language. A total of 403 (5.9%) children were referred for full medical or audiologic evaluation after 2-tiered CPA\/OAE screening. Only 24 children were unable to complete both CPA and OAE testing for a screening completion rate of 99.6%. After medical evaluation, 114 of 403 children (28.3%) passed hearing rescreening and 55 (13.6%) were lost to follow-up. The prevalence of conductive hearing loss was 2.9% (n\u2009=\u2009195), and the prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss was 0.2% (n\u2009=\u200913). Primary language, race and ethnicity, and sex were not associated with rates of referral or hearing loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi210085-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this cohort study suggest that preschool-based screening programs can be a useful method to identify early childhood hearing loss and that teacher concerns are associated with final diagnostic hearing status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.4430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T16:01:13Z","timestamp":1645113673000},"page":"326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Outcomes of an Early Childhood Hearing Screening Program in a Low-Income Setting"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Kara D.","family":"Brodie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San 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