{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:56:05Z","timestamp":1788983765445,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi220086-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spontaneous adverse reaction reports of sudden hearing loss have been observed, and a population-based cohort study conducted in Israel showed an increase in the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) following vaccination with messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). However, in this setting, the possibility of confounding remained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi220086-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess a potential association between COVID-19 vaccinations and SSNHL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi220086-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This register-based country-wide retrospective cohort study of 5.5 million Finnish residents was conducted from January 1, 2019, to April 20, 2022, and included all individuals who were identified from the population information system who were alive or born during the study period except individuals who had SSNHL during 2015 to 2018 according to specialized care derived diagnosis codes for SSNHL (\n                      <jats:italic>International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision [ICD-10]<\/jats:italic>\n                      code H91.2) as a primary or secondary diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi220086-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The a priori primary risk period was 0 to 54 days following each COVID-19 vaccination. The risk periods for different vaccine doses did not overlap so that a later vaccine exposure ended the previous risk period. The secondary risk period was from 55 days following each COVID-19 vaccination until a subsequent COVID-19 vaccination. A secondary analysis included a risk time from 0 to 54 days following a positive polymerase chain reaction test result for SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi220086-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidences of SSNHL following COVID-19 vaccination were compared with the incidences before the COVID-19 epidemic in Finland. The Poisson regression model included calendar time, age, sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, other chronic diseases, and the number of visits in primary health care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi220086-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the 5.5 million Finnish residents included in the study, the comparison time comprised 6.5 million person-years, the primary risk time of 1.7 million person-years, and the secondary risk time of 2.1 million person-years. Before the COVID-19 epidemic in Finland, 18.7\/100\u202f000 people received a diagnosis of SSNHL annually. The study data suggested no increased risk for SSNHL following any COVID-19 vaccination. In particular, adjusted incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the BNT162b2 vaccine\u2019s 3 doses were 0.8 (95% CI, 0.6-1.0), 0.9 (95% CI, 0.6-1.2), and 1.0 (95% CI, 0.7-1.4), respectively. There was no association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and an increased incidence of SSNHL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi220086-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this cohort study show no evidence of an increased risk of SSNHL following COVID-19 vaccination. The study accounted for previous disease and other potential confounding factors. These results are based on diagnosis codes in specialized care but still need to be verified in settings that are capable of evaluating the degree of hearing loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.4154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T11:04:48Z","timestamp":1671102288000},"page":"133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Sudden Hearing Loss Following Vaccination Against COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Tuomo A.","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Kivek\u00e4s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Artama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Nohynek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarno","family":"Kujansivu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Hovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ooi220086r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.091","article-title":"Adverse event of Sinovac coronavirus vaccine: deafness.","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi220086r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.20906","article-title":"Tinnitus, sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and vestibular neuritis as complications of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.","volume":"14","author":"Canales Medina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi220086r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.4414","article-title":"Assessment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss after COVID-19 vaccination.","volume":"148","author":"Formeister","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ooi220086r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.4278","article-title":"Association between the BNT162b2 messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine and the risk of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.","author":"Yanir","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi220086r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003438","article-title":"No COVID-19 in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL).","volume":"43","author":"van Rijssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ooi220086r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-238419","article-title":"Sudden irreversible hearing loss post COVID-19.","volume":"13","author":"Koumpa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ooi220086r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.023","article-title":"Could sudden sensorineural hearing loss be the sole manifestation of COVID-19? 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