{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:41:32Z","timestamp":1792086092821,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240015-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral tongue cancer (OTC) incidence has increased rapidly among young (&amp;amp;lt;50 years) non-Hispanic White individuals in the US during the past 2 decades; however, it is unknown if age-associated trajectories have persisted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240015-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine US trends in OTC incidence and project future case burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240015-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional analysis of OTC incidence trends used the US Cancer Statistics Public Use Database, which covers approximately 98% of the US population, and included individuals with an OTC diagnosis reported to US cancer registries between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240015-7\"><jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sex, race and ethnicity, and age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240015-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Estimated average annual percentage change in OTC incidence from 2001 to 2019. Given the substantial incidence rate increases among non-Hispanic White individuals compared with those of racial and ethnic minority groups, subsequent analyses were restricted to non-Hispanic White individuals. Forecasted OTC incidence trends and case burden among non-Hispanic White individuals to 2034.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240015-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 58\u202f661 new cases of OTC identified between 2001 and 2019. Male individuals (57.6%), non-Hispanic White individuals (83.7%), those aged 60 years or older (58.0%), and individuals with localized stage disease at diagnosis (62.7%) comprised most cases. OTC incidence increased across all age, sex, and racial and ethnic groups, with marked increases observed among non-Hispanic White individuals (2.9% per year; 95% CI, 2.2%-3.7%). Increases among female individuals aged 50 to 59 years were most notable and significantly outpaced increases among younger non-Hispanic White female individuals (4.8% per year [95% CI, 4.1%-5.4%] vs 3.3% per year [95% CI, 2.7%-3.8%]). While all non-Hispanic White birth cohorts from 1925 to 1980 saw sustained increases, rates stabilized among female individuals born after 1980. Should trends continue, the burden of new OTC cases among non-Hispanic White individuals in the US is projected to shift more toward older individuals (from 33.1% to 49.3% among individuals aged 70 years or older) and female individuals (86% case increase vs 62% among male individuals).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240015-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that the period of rapidly increasing OTC incidence among younger non-Hispanic White female individuals in the US is tempering and giving way to greater increases among older female individuals, suggesting a birth cohort effect may have been associated with previously observed trends. Recent increases among non-Hispanic White individuals 50 years or older of both sexes have matched or outpaced younger age groups. Continuing increases among older individuals, particularly female individuals, may be associated with a shift in the OTC patient profile over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.0301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T15:32:35Z","timestamp":1712244755000},"page":"436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Trends in Oral Tongue Cancer Incidence in the US"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Todd","family":"Burus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haluk","family":"Damgacioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"},{"name":"Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Biostatistics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington"},{"name":"Kentucky Cancer Registry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Jay","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela C.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne M.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish A.","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"},{"name":"Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystle A.","family":"Lang Kuhs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ooi240015r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.v110:7","article-title":"Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in relation to smoking prevalence: an emerging epidemic of human papillomavirus-associated cancers?","volume":"110","author":"Sturgis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi240015r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.1713","article-title":"Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States.","volume":"26","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ooi240015r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.7883","article-title":"Increasing incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in young white women, age 18 to 44 years.","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ooi240015r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.02.019","article-title":"Rising incidence of oral tongue cancer among white men and women in the United States, 1973-2012.","volume":"67","author":"Tota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi240015r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2012.07.002","article-title":"Low etiologic fraction for high-risk human papillomavirus in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas.","volume":"49","author":"Lingen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi240015r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(00)70142-2","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young adults: increasing incidence and factors that predict treatment outcomes.","volume":"122","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi240015r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.v32:4","article-title":"Never-smokers, never-drinkers: unique clinical subgroup of young patients with head and neck squamous cell cancers.","volume":"32","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi240015r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.v39.2","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: a global study.","volume":"39","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ooi240015r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2020.104875","article-title":"The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue is rising in young non-smoking women: an international multi-institutional analysis.","volume":"110","author":"Satgunaseelan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ooi240015r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.v150.8","article-title":"Diverging incidence trends of oral tongue cancer compared to other head and neck cancers in young adults in France.","volume":"150","author":"Deneuve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi240015r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.v101:1","article-title":"Incidence and survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in Scandinavia, with special reference to young adults.","volume":"101","author":"Annertz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi240015r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu255","article-title":"Risk factors for head and neck cancer in young adults: a pooled analysis in the INHANCE consortium.","volume":"44","author":"Toporcov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ooi240015r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.v65.5","article-title":"Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma\u2014an update.","volume":"65","author":"Chi","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"ooi240015r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.v103:9","article-title":"Tongue and tonsil carcinoma: increasing trends in the U.S. population ages 20-44 years.","volume":"103","author":"Shiboski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"18","key":"ooi240015r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00370","article-title":"Evolution of the oropharynx cancer epidemic in the United States: moderation of increasing incidence in younger individuals and shift in the burden to older individuals.","volume":"37","author":"Tota","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ooi240015r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0300","article-title":"A web tool for age-period-cohort analysis of cancer incidence and mortality rates.","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"17","key":"ooi240015r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.v22:17","article-title":"Prediction of cancer incidence in the Nordic countries: empirical comparison of different approaches.","volume":"22","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi240015r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.3567","article-title":"Oropharyngeal cancer incidence and mortality trends in all 50 states in the US, 2001-2017.","volume":"148","author":"Damgacioglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi240015r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.2012.103.issue-2","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus in mobile tongue cancer with particular reference to young patients.","volume":"103","author":"Kabeya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi240015r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2014.01.006","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) status of non-tobacco related squamous cell carcinomas of the lateral tongue.","volume":"50","author":"Poling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"ooi240015r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2022.105803","article-title":"Young non-smokers with oral cancer: what are we missing and why?","volume":"127","author":"Valero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ooi240015r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.v127.4","article-title":"The mutational landscape of early- and typical-onset oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.","volume":"127","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"ooi240015r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.v145.3","article-title":"Periodontal pathogens are a risk factor of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, independent of tobacco and alcohol and human papillomavirus.","volume":"145","author":"Ganly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ooi240015r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.852566","article-title":"Age-related cancer-associated microbiota potentially promotes oral squamous cell cancer tumorigenesis by distinct mechanisms.","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ooi240015r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz219","article-title":"Recent trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality in the United States, 2001-2015.","volume":"112","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"12","key":"ooi240015r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0910","article-title":"Are incidence rates of adult leukemia in the United States significantly associated with birth cohort?","volume":"21","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"11","key":"ooi240015r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.11.727","article-title":"Increase in testicular cancer incidence in six European countries: a birth cohort phenomenon.","volume":"88","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi240015r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.v105:1","article-title":"Lung cancer rates convergence in young men and women in the United States: analysis by birth cohort and histologic type.","volume":"105","author":"Jemal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"22","key":"ooi240015r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.42.6098","article-title":"Increasing lung cancer death rates among young women in southern and midwestern States.","volume":"30","author":"Jemal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"36","key":"ooi240015r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.50.3870","article-title":"Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers.","volume":"31","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ooi240015r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0347(199808)20:5<363::AID-HED1>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young patients: a matched-pair analysis.","volume":"20","author":"Friedlander","year":"1998","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"2","key":"ooi240015r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-020-01049-y","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young patients: outcomes and implications for treatment.","volume":"11","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ooi240015r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3795","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognostic role of age in oral tongue cancer.","volume":"10","author":"Tagliabue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"ooi240015r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199902000-00015","article-title":"A matched control study of treatment outcome in young patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.","volume":"109","author":"Verschuur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"7","key":"ooi240015r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.7.869","article-title":"Matched analysis of survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck diagnosed before and after 40 years of age.","volume":"130","author":"Pytynia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"ooi240015r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.94","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in the pediatric age group: a matched-pair analysis of survival.","volume":"136","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"ooi240015r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25650","article-title":"Early onset oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: associated factors and patient outcomes.","volume":"41","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"1","key":"ooi240015r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2003.tb00009.x","article-title":"Tongue cancer: do patients younger than 40 do worse?","volume":"48","author":"Hyam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"ooi240015r17","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases for Oncology: ICD-O","author":"Fritz","year":"2000","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"ooi240015r16","unstructured":"National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER*Stat database: NPCR and SEER incidence\u2014U.S. Cancer Statistics 2001-2019 Public Use Research Database, 2021 submission (2001-2019). Accessed February 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/uscs\/public-use."},{"key":"ooi240015r18","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Joinpoint regression program, version 4.9.1.0. Accessed November 22, 2022. https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/joinpoint\/"},{"key":"ooi240015r21","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Accessed May 1, 2021. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."}],"container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngology\u2013Head &amp; Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaotolaryngology\/articlepdf\/2817166\/jamaotolaryngology_burus_2024_oi_240015_1714577511.44361.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T15:01:21Z","timestamp":1715266881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaotolaryngology\/fullarticle\/2817166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.0301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6181","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}